Journalists can talk the economy up or down - Emphasis

Writers can talk the economy up or down Writers can talk the economy up or down The media should practice alert when revealing the Euro emergency, specialists caution, as the language that columnists use is by all accounts influencing our financial fortunes. As indicated by another report from the Emphasis Research Center, there is a solid connection between buyer certainty and the utilization of the word recuperation in the press. The examination followed the presss utilization of the word recuperation (alongside green shoots) during the ongoing downturn and the months paving the way to it. In doing as such, specialists found that the utilization of the terms expanded essentially even as the budgetary markets were still in freefall. From August to November, for instance, the FTSE 100 fell a colossal 24 percent. However references to recuperation rose by 26 percent in a similar period. Then, only months after downturn got official in January 2009, buyer certainty started to rise and kept on rising the more recuperation showed up in the media. Significantly, be that as it may, buyer certainty falled somewhat behind the presss utilization of the word. The scientists propose that the language utilized by the press may have helped float customer certainty and in this way added to the UKs possible move out of downturn. They additionally caution that the media itself could trigger the much-dreaded twofold plunge downturn. Burglarize Ashton, Chief Executive of Emphasis, says this seems to help recounted claims that the press can talk the economy up or down, regardless of whether they do so accidentally. It may be the case that only rehashing the word recuperation, similar to a mantra, some way or another saturated the subliminal of both people in general and the market, he clarifies. This might be a case of columnists impacting the news, just as announcing it. The exploration venture started as a positive option in contrast to The Economists R-word record, which tracks how frequently the word downturn shows up in The New York Times and Washington Post. In the course of recent decades, the list has spotted major financial defining moments, for example, the beginning of downturns in America in 1981, 1990 and 2001. A duplicate of Recovery Watch is accessible from the Emphasis site at emphbootstrap.wpengine.com/assets/research-focus/ Closures Press enquiries For more data, if it's not too much trouble call Indigo Cow, Emphasis PR office, on 01273 773516 or email info@indigocow.com Notes for editors 1. Recuperation Watch followed the quantity of articles containing the words recuperation and green shoots in the UK broadsheets between January 2008 and May 2010 against the background of market action and mediation measures. These measures incorporate the UK Governments boost bundle, reported in November 2008; the beginning of quantitative facilitating in March 2009; and the G20 highest point pioneers $1.1 trillion bundle to handle the monetary emergency in April 2009. While these different components may have added to reestablished confidence later on for the business sectors, similitudes between the ascent in paper references to recuperation and the Nationwide Consumer Confidence Index seem noteworthy. 2. Recuperation Watch is the subsequent examination venture distributed by the new Emphasis Research Center. Propelled in April 2010, the inside behaviors examination into language, correspondence and composing aptitudes in the UK. 3. The Emphasis Research Center is supported by Emphasis Training Ltd, which is the UKs driving business composing preparing association.

The nature of health promotion work in midwifery

The idea of wellbeing advancement work in maternity care Wellbeing advancement is a basic piece of a maternity specialists duty; the nature of wellbeing advancement work in birthing assistance is intended for advancing the strength of the mother and guaranteeing an ideal situation for mother and child (Dunkley, 2000:40). Breastfeeding can be a disputable theme. It can achieve blended suppositions and reactions from moms and birthing specialists. Regardless of the message bosom is best jug taking care of has become some portion of the way of life in Irelands society. Wellbeing advancement is predominately a proactive procedure. It is a procedure that is finished with individuals not at individuals, either on an individual premise or inside gatherings. Investment and organization are key segments of the procedure (Dunkley, 2000:42). This paper will talk about the extraordinary capacity of birthing specialists in their commitment to the wellbeing advancement of breastfeeding in Ireland. A general job of maternity specialists is to excitedly bolster and exhort a breastfeeding lady. A birthing specialist should enable the lady to perceive that breastfeeding is an ordinary life occasion in each culture. So as to do this a maternity specialist ought to have an expansive information on the life systems of the bosom and adequate clinical abilities. This will guarantee the lady gets sufficient data and abilities on the postnatal ward, or antenatally. Advantages of Breastfeeding Right off the bat the explanation behind the advancement concerning breastfeeding is that separated from being monetarily well disposed, it likewise holds numerous advantages for the child and for the mother herself. Broad research utilizing improved epidemiological strategies and present day lab methods archives differing and convincing points of interest for babies, moms, families and society from breastfeeding and the utilization of human milk. (Chalmers Kramer 2001). These preferences incorporate wellbeing, nourishing, immunological turn of events, mental, social, monetary and natural elements (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1997) Human milk decreases the odds of a babies possibility of contaminations and sicknesses including bacterial meningitis and respiratory tract diseases. This is on the grounds that bosom milk contains against infective properties. Studies have exhibited insurance from pre-menopausal bosom malignant growth (Buchanan and Sachs, 1998;Enger et al., 1997;Katso uyanni et al., 1996; Michels et al., 1996;UK National Case-Control Study Group, 1993) and pre-menopausal ovarian disease (Siskind et al., 1997) and a chance of assurance against hip cracks in more established age (Department of Health 1998). Bosom taking care of can likewise enable the mother to come back to her pre birth weight. Bosom milk has been appeared to ensure babies against gastrointestinal, urinary, respiratory and center ear contamination (Howie et al 1990) and atopic infection if there is a family ancestry of atopy (Burr et al 1989, Oddy et al 1999). Bosom milk additionally contains precisely the correct extent of supplements an infant requires. From 16weeks growth the bosom will start to deliver a reasonable liquid known as colostrums. Colostrums is the principal feed a bosom took care of child will get. It has more significant levels of protein, fat-solvent nutrients and mineral rates than typical bosom milk. It is ample in immunoglobulins, macrophages, lymphocytes, ne utrophils and mononuclear cells which gives it the significant levels of protein. Customary bosom milk holds 90% water with 10% proteins, sugar and fats with nutrients and minerals. The essential strong constituent is the unsaturated fat segment that gives half of the calorific prerequisites of the newborn.(Henderson Macdonald, 2004:595). Job of the Midwife The job and obligation of the birthing specialist is to work with proof based practice with great correspondence to give exhortation, backing, support and instruction to encourage the womans capacity to breastfeed (ideally with a hands off methodology from the maternity specialist (Johnson Taylor 2006:346). Backing all through pregnancy can have a durable impact regardless of the scale the assignment might be. A genuine case of this is the birthing specialists job in wellbeing advancement and in supporting ladies in taking care of their children. (Crafter, 1997). At the point when a lady needs progressively broad wellsprings of guidance and social help than those gave through the maternity administrations, birthing specialists may even now assume a key job in giving pertinent data and exhortation and alluding her to different experts and associations for support.(Cooper Fraser 2003:939). On the off chance that the picked strategy for taking care of a newborn child is breastfeeding a mother ought to anticipate that birthing assistants should help them in the hooking on of the kid and in the right way so it isn't excruciating or awkward for the mother. The infant ought to be raised to the bosom rapidly to guarantee right connection, as opposed to the bosom brought down to the infant which empowers terrible maternal stance and poor connection (RCM, 2002). They should likewise guarantee the infant is acquiring adequate feeds and that water and counterfeit child milk is maintained a strategic distance from except if medicinally essential. In the event that a mother chooses to bottle feed she should, in any case, anticipate a similar degree of help and told the best way to make up a container feed. Training for a bosom taking care of mother is basic. So as to set up the mother for bosom taking care of, it is progressively good that she comprehends the way toward breastfeeding. The maternity specialist will have a double job in the initial not many feeds. As a matter of first importance, she should guarantee that the infant is getting and sufficient feed. Besides the maternity specialist ought to guarantee the mother herself gains the capacity to take care of her child alone. Enthusiastic help by a birthing assistant is significant in the event that it is the womans first time bosom taking care of. Alongside physical and passionate help a lady will likewise require sufficient help in the methods for data, for example, flyers, on a balanced premise, or care groups in the network. A well known care group is La Leche League International. They are non clinical breastfeeding instructors. During the most recent decade, the normal length of emergency clinic remain following birth has been sliced practically down the middle as the medicinal services industry endeavors to minimize expenses; particularly in the monetary downturn our general public is persevering. Ladies are sent home to catch all alone and now and again won't have gotten any counsel on breastfeeding from a maternity specialist on the postnatal wards as there isn't sufficient staff and insufficient time in the day. Extra help positively affects the womans fulfillment of breastfeeding, showed by a Cochrane database audit (Anderson, 1999). La Leche League(LLL) has labored for a long time offering data and backing to ladies who need to breastfeed, just as giving proceeding with training to medicinal services experts. LLL accepts that breastfeeding, with its numerous significant physical and mental advantages, offers points of interest for both mother and kid and is the perfect method to start solid family connections. Maternity specialists should work inside The structure set out in the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding (Saadeh and Akre, 1996: Woolridge, 1994: WHO, 1998) which are as per the following: Have a composed breastfeeding approach that is routinely imparted to all the medicinal services staff Train all medicinal services staff in aptitudes important to actualize this strategy. Illuminate every single pregnant lady about the advantages and the board of breastfeeding. Assist moms with starting breastfeeding not long after birth. Tell moms the best way to breastfeed and how to keep up lactation regardless of whether they ought to be isolated from babies. Give babies no food or drink other than bosom milk, except if restoratively showed. Work on living in: permit mother and babies to stay together for 24hours every day. Empower breastfeeding on request. Give no fake nipples or fakers to breastfeeding newborn children. Encourage the foundation of breastfeeding bolster gatherings and allude moms to them on release from emergency clinic or center. In 1991 the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative was set up by UNICEF and WHO, with the end goal for medical clinics to energize and be steady of breastfeeding ladies (Ten stages). Moms should want to get an elevated expectation of care in all Baby Friendly Hospitals. Emergency clinics who wish to get Baby Friendly status must cling to (WHO 1989). In such a clinic a mother ought to anticipate that a maternity specialist should help them in the bosom taking care of not long after birth. This may happen when skin to skin contact happens. A child ought to stay with his mom consistently. Help given with appending the child to the bosom not long after birth regularly brings about effective breastfeeding (Hytten,1954). End The route forward to the effective return of breastfeeding as a social typicality lies in the foundations of pre-birth and postnatal training. Various ways to deal with this might be in emergency clinics, postnatal wards, schools and the network. The sharp disposition and inclusion of birthing specialists is indispensable to the advancement and practice of breastfeeding to guarantee the most ideal improvement of newborn child and kid wellbeing. Breastfeeding like, similar to labor, enables ladies. This influence isn't societys manly meaning of influence meaning power, cash, or material products. It is the intensity of nurturance, closeness and connection.

QUESTIONS IS LISTED BELOW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

QUESTIONS IS LISTED BELOW - Essay Example In spite of the fact that organization has kept up its exhibition in the year 2009 and sold more than 1.7 billion of unit instances of juices, still, the expanding rivalry in the worldwide market is raising worries for the organization. In this report, the investigation of the organization will be finished by examining its activities in various world markets. At long last, in light of examination, an end and proposals will be introduced. Coca Cola is offering an assortment of refreshments and beverages worldwide and the results of the organization can be classified into various gatherings including Energy drinks, Juices, Soft beverages, Sports beverages, Tea and Coffee, Water and others (Coca Cola site, n.d.). It is fascinating to take note of that the soda pops of the organization are being considered as the trademark of Coca Cola be that as it may, various beverages are exceptionally famous among nearby networks. So as to clarify how Coca Cola is focusing on the nearby locales and networks, I will get a kick out of the chance to cite a model. Appollinaris is one of the item brands of Coca Cola and it goes under â€Å"water drink type†. This mineral water is accessible in three flavors including apple, lemon and typical or unflavoured water. In addition, Appollinaris is just accessible in Germany and New Caledonia. So also, the soda pop of Coca Cola is accessible in various flavors including Cola, Cola Lemon Lime, Cola Lemon, Cola Orange, Cola Green Tea, Cola Lime and Cola Raspberry (Coca Cola Website, n.d.). This model shows that Coca Cola isn't seeking after normalized procedure yet it has been presenting items dependent on the necessities of the market where it works. The significant explanation which is presenting incredible dangers for the organization is the outer condition and the market changes. The market changes incorporate the administrative changes and financial changes. The statement of purpose of the organization additionally shows that the two long haul destinations of

Problem Of Overcrowding of Male Prisons - Free Essay Example

  Prison overcrowding has a number of sources.   The high rates of habitual relapse into crime are the most important source.   Among the many aches and pains for the Department of Corrections, among other problems, is prison overcrowding.   It is of my opinion that prison overcrowding is almost like a form of sickness that needs to be restored back to health, but in order for any illness to be healed the study of what causes the illness has to be of utmost importance.   In order to establish the cause of prison overcrowding, one has to look, by close scrutiny, at the foundational motives as to why crimes are committed.. The function of correctional services is not to punish but to deal with the behavior and attitude using different programs for treatment while indirectly dealing with prison overcrowding and violence.   When trying to create a reduction in the number of offenders the aim should not be to inflict punishment, but rather look at the factors that may have played a role in the offender committing that particular crime. Which would put him or her at risk for committing future crimes. The inmates that would most likely have a previous criminal record are the ones who has little or no education, has never been married or are either divorced, are unemployed, and poor and came from broken households.   Which may cause these individuals to attach themselve to other deviant people such as gangs, drug opperations,armed robborys, ect. Researchers believe that the social backgrounds from which the offender came, has some connection to why he or she commits crimes. The Lack of   reform and rehabilitative programs used by the Department of Corrections need to be revisited again because,   in order to decrease re-offenders the Department of Correctons must provide the resources in order for the inmate to become a better citizans. They also half to make rehilibitation plans that fit each and every individual offender situation.   If these programs are in synch with the different offender profiles then the Department of Corrections will be able to improve those individ uals who are in charge of its care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hidden issues that contribute to prison overcrowding one will come to the realization that there is a substantial amount of ex-prisoners who have reverted back to the commission of crimes.   Researchers would like to see the situation changed where correctional facilities do not get so overcrowded, and they would also like to see less ex-prisoners return only to be readmitted to the prison system. So many faucilities offer education programs, work trades, and cetificate programs.   Many offenders take advantage of the prison system in the United States and would like to have an impact on such change in this particular field, so that tax payers can get their money worth.   But do that make these offender better citizens and abide by the law? In my opinion no because a lot of jobs may not take a ex-convicted, and a person can not get financial aid to pursue a higher education to get a better job. Because they are charged with a non violent drug ch arges. Citizens who abide by the law on the other hand will be persuaded to continue doing so, and criminals will continue to be discouraged from committing criminal acts.   Our correctional facilities in the United States should be looked at as schools where offenders graduate as citizens who are law abiding and who have also learned to live a lifestyle free of crime making them socially acceptable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the surroundings in prison gets excessively distressing, it also begin to get harmful, and once inmates are released from prison, they transmit the effects or results of that harm straight back into the   free   world.  Ã‚   It is not only unpleasing and or awkward in correctional facilities that are bad, but these prisons can also be unhelpful and destructive.  Ã‚   Secondly, the single greatest significant influence that assist in explaining the present catastrophe in correctional facilities in the United States is the deficiency of treatments and programs that are effective. The determination of unsafe and poor conditions of imprisonment, and the use of vigorous, intense, and possibly harmful techniques of control in the institution.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If this issue had been tackled in an effective manner in earlier years overcroweding would not of beenas out of control as it is now.  Ã‚   The United States Supreme Court first confronted   the issue back then where they came up with the double-celling act in 1979,   which saw unparallel boosts in the use of imprisonment. In current history of corrections   this act is no longer working because now facilities are putting up to four people in a cell. making it harder for everyone to get there needs met and to keep themin a healthy facility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Two cases, Plata v. Schwarzenegger and Coleman v. Schwarzenegger, brought against the state, allege cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Both are long running cases, with the Coleman case dating back to 1995 with 77 substantive orders issued in an effort to fix the mental health system in California prisons. In October of 2005, the Plata court ordered the California prison healthcare system into receivership to establish a constitutionally adequate medical system.   In November of 2006 the plaintiffs in both cases filed a motion to convene a three-judge panel to limit Californias prison population as provided under the federal Prison Litigation Reform Act. On July 23, 2007, both the Plata court and the Coleman court issued orders to convene a three-judge panel in order to determine if a population cap should be placed on California prisons. Only one panel will be convened for both cases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prison systems and county jails across the Deep South are nearly all either at or over capacity, resulting in people being forced to sleep on the floor or in the dayroom, often with little opportunity to go outdoors for exercise or fresh air. SCHR has represented hundreds of men and women in class action lawsuits challenging the consequences of severe overcrowding: violence, excessive use of force by corrections officers unable to keep order in the chaos created by overcrowding, poor medical care, and intolerable living conditions. In an effort to ease overcrowding, the Fulton County Jail has began sending hundreds of inmates to southwest Georgia. This move is   meant to help the problem-plagued jail meet conditions of a federal court order, will send inmates to Pelham and to Decatur County. Fulton County illustrates the complex challenge when tracking inmate populations. The federal report showed a significant decline at Fultons jail which is under a federal court order to alleviate overcrowding by transferring inmates to other jails. The DOJ said Fulton had 2,271 inmates last June 30. In Fulton County Jails population are below the 2,250 mark, as stipulated in the court order.   By transfering inmates to other faucilities which will involve inmates who have been arraigned on felony charges and are awaiting trial. They will not include defendants facing a death penalty trial, such as courthouse shooting suspect Brian Nichols. Funding for a new jail may not be good political move; however, other local governing authorities calculate crime with regional population growth. Building or adding jail bed-space is common sense to avoid costly civil suits filed by litigious inmates. The old mindset of lock em up and throw away the key might be good tough talk, but how much lon ger can this mindset continue with a proposed 17% increase in property taxes?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elapsed timing other than what is reasonably needed for trial preparation is the real ill of jail overcrowding. The United States Constitution and Georgias Constitution are specific about delays of speedy trials. No matter how much the board of commissioners budget or how the Sheriff oversees day-to-day operations, the obligation of the next judge is to set an example by ensuring they enforce timeliness, accuracy and completenessof new and backlogged cases.   Guarantee of a speedy trial is not only a fundamental liberty; it keeps defendants from sitting in jail for an indefinite period, at the tax payers expense. When there is a delay in cases, judges must resort to constitutional justice by demanding prosecutors and defense counsel to justify the reason for the length of delay. But that doese not mean that they do because as one case closes ten more come in. making it difficult to make sure that ever single person is being tkaing care of in accordence of the law without any rights being violated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Researchers expect that the study of prison overcrowding will among other things be awareness and clear perception into the occurrence of punishment. With an observation of such attainable knowledge the correctional justice must come up with a plan to help these inmates to make the right choice not to return.   There will also be set understanding of the present rehabilitation programs with a view to critique the validness in connection to their goal or purpose and ultimately make suggestions about programs that would better address rehabilitation and reform programs, which will in turn reduce prison overcrowding.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The idea that large prisons produce more aggression and violence than prisons that are smaller may well have been bought about by the failure to split the outcome of size from the outcome of other factors.   For example, researchers found that U. S. populations that are larger have a tendency to be facilities that are maximum security and that security level had a close relation to the rate of homicide.   In addition, prisons that were larger had a tendency to be older with the ratio of inmate to staff being much higher, were more overcrowded, and were in urban areas.   In contrast to the assessment of prison offenses, a violence rate assessment comprised of a control for the types of offenders that were imprisoned in each facility.   The outcome of the study which consisted of 2,000 men who were tracked for a period of two years after they were released from prison illustrated that the size of the prison had no considerable correlation with the e ffectiveness of corrections.  Ã‚   In spite of this, there was an elevated relationship between rates of violence and overcrowding in prisons that proved to be negative.   Researchers were of the conclusion that a vital priority for government agencies should be to reduce prison overcrowding.   Overcrowding in correctional facilities can also echo right back throughout our system of criminal justice, generating issues in local jails.   Officials in correctional facilities may respond to situations of prison overcrowding by trying to decrease the speed in which they are keen or even capable to take in new inmates.  Ã‚   In severe cases, some facilities may   decline to even accept them period.   But the overcrowding that occurs as inmates are backed up in the criminal justice system, waiting to get transferred to correctional facilities, is by itself damaging in its own right.  Ã‚   Take for example, huge populations in prison may give rise mathematically to an increased demand for services,  Ã‚   increasing demand for services, with the worsening of correctional facilities due to the speed of prison overcrowding and additionally challenging the capability of correctional facilities to supply for essential human necessities.  Ã‚   Prison overcrowding seems to have particularly unfavorable effects on the conduct of younger inmates in the facility.   One study on the prison system in Texas noted that the larger the number of younger prison inmates in the facility then the rate of assaults and violations will be much more significant. Other research has shown some evidence for a collaboration outcome between the size of the prison and age.   Prisoners who are younger may be more vulnerable to the issues and control system in prisons that are huge than the inmates that are older or much more matured.   Another research study got almost the same results with general connections that showed a considerable relationship between how full the facility is, the number of total assaults, and prisoner assaults. The more inmates   overcrowding   prison, the more often the assaults will occur.   Inmates who are younger and inexperienced are likely to be more unstable ones. Unaware of their surroundings and the wil l to most likely respond in a hostile way to the stress, anxious enviorment will make keeping order in the jails impossible.and disagree PAGE 7ments that overcrowding and forms of incarceration. Drugs are a major issue along with the strict laws on first time nonviolent drug offenders.  Ã‚   We are leaving these people in prison for way to long.  Ã‚   Which is   overcrowding our prisons with first time drug and nonviolent offenders. When there should be sentencing these men and women to rehabilitation centers and counseling.  Ã‚   This should be the first option for the justice system to be considering instead of just locking these men and women up for two to five years and overcrowding the prisons.  Ã‚   These first timers need more help to improve their life, and throwing them behind bars is just giving them more criminal activity to learn then they did on the outside. The justice system should be taking severe nonviolent criminals with mental illness more seriously.  Ã‚   Instead of just locking them up and throwing away the key, there should be a lot more intense evaluations going on with mental illness with in these men and women.  Ã‚   This could solve a lot of the overcrowding if we could just take the time to place these men and women where they really need to be to receive some help.  Ã‚   This may be better than throwing them in prison where the violence and terror is even worse then on the outside for them.  Ã‚   These mental ill people with minor nonviolent offences can be dealt with in a much better way to help these individuals and the overcrowding issues. Prison alternatives are on the rise to try to accommodate the rising rates of prison overpopulation. The first boot camps began in the United States in Georgia and Oklahoma in 1983. The intention was to maximize deterrence, to reduce prison crowding, to reduce the rising costs of prison housing and to reduce relapse. Boot camps are intended to be less restrictive than prison but harsher than probation. They stress vigorous physical activity, drill and ceremony, manual labor, and other activities that ensure that participants have little, if any, free time. Strict rules govern all aspects of conduct and appearance. Correctional officers act as drill sargents,   using intense verbal tactics designed to break down inmates resistance and lead to constructive changes. Boot camps have three main goals: reducing recidivism, reducing prison populations, and reducing costs. As for two of the three goals the Boot Camps showed positive results, however, for reducing recidivism it had a 52% fa il rate, mostly because of such short terms. The average term was 90 to 120 days which are definitely not long enough to show a change in the recidivism. Electronic Monitoring is another popular alternative to prison which is also known as tagging. This is a device that is usually attached to the wrist or ankle of the violator. The device monitors the offender and the specified location where he or she is required to be present. The device transmits an electronic signal indicating whether the offender has had any unauthorized absences or has tampered with the device. In the United States, for example, only 826 offenders participated in electronic monitoring programs in 1987; by 1998, this number had increased to over 95,000. The main aim of this study is to experimentally evaluate assess the relationship between violence and prison over-crowding. The goal is to test institution level, collective variables to decide which, if any, is violence related of different levels of severity.   The main focus of research in the past was inmate-level data, or it fell short of making sure that certain institutional factors of consequence was included.  Ã‚   In addition, information from jails and state correctional institutions, to the near exclusion had been used.   By reserving the most severe penalties for serious, high-level or violent drug traffickers, we can better promote public safety, deterrence and rehabilitation, while making our expenditures smarter and more productive.The overcrowding that has overwhelmed our Federal and State correctional facilities for almost thirty   years and it needs to be fixed. In conclusion, many nations the number of inmates depends solely on the available resources, thus manipulating the inmates in order to accommodate them in prisons environment and programs being developed and modified to cater for the requirements of the inmates. The inmates are subjected to the available resources instead of the available resources being subjected to the inmates. The increased population in the prisons has lasted for more than twenty-five years in most of the nations and it need to have been solved. However, there has been reluctance in solving the problem thus denying the inmates their rights to have a better life in the prisons. The prisons have turned to be places of torture rather than places of correcting behaviors.

Aspects Of The Origin Of Ma - 2136 Words

Aspects of the origin of MA Literature on management accounting origin split in to two completely different categories. One that explains the development through what is called economic approach and the second through non-economic approach. Economic approach First signs of management accounting emerged as tool of cost control in early 19th century. This is when many businesses were simply made up of a group of people who specialised in certain individual areas. Production and supply of raw materials was completely separate at that time. These small businesses were therefore easy and straight forward to manage. The manufacturer would simply determine how much would materials cost and add the cost of work, which is generally evaluating the time that it takes to produce a certain good and set a monetary value. A dramatic wind of change to this was seen during the Industrial Revolution. Businesses became bigger and more complex. Perfect examples could be such as cotton textile factories in England or cotton mills in United States of America. Now instead of individual craftsmen, businesses became big hierarchical enterprises. According to Johnson and Kaplan (1987) this was the emerging point of modern management accounting. Further advancement was noticed in the 19th century: â€Å"The emergence and rapid growth of railways in the mid-nineteenth century was another major driving force in the development of management accounting systems. New measures, such as cost per ton per mile,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Noam Chomsky s The 1960s Essay768 Words   |  4 Pagesview on language by claiming that language is biologically rooted, and belongs to our biological endowment. To begin with, the notion of ‘language’ is ambiguous, as it covers many different aspects: historical, social, cultural, etc. However, the Chomskyan bio linguistic approach is not concerned with these aspects. 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Skills For Visual And Written Analysis - 1474 Words

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Company Law of Grand Ltd-Free-Samples for Student-Myassignment

Question: Separately consider each capital transaction. Can Grand Ltd successfully undertake each transaction? Explain your answer with references to the relevant sections of the Corporations Act 2001 and relevant case law. Answer: Issue Grand Ltds current share capital consists of 25000 ordinary shares, which were issued at a price of $5 per share, and 5000 preference shares that were issued at a price of $2. Preference Shares The rights of the preference shares have been decided by passing a special resolution by Grand Ltd just after its registration. The rights of the preference shareholders are as under: The preference shareholders shall enjoy preference on the repayment of capital over other shareholders at the time of liquidation of the company. The preference shareholders shall receive dividend at the rate of 7% per annum. Moreover, the preference shares that have been issued are cumulative preference shares. These shares shall carry one vote per share. The preference shareholders shall have no share in the surplus profits or assets of the company. The document governing the organization does contain provisions that shall be applicable on the further issue of preference shares. Neither does it provide for variation or cancellation of the rights of any share. Ordinary Shares The shareholding of the ordinary shares of the company is as under: 60% of the ordinary shares that is 15000 shares are held by Audax family Others hold 40% of the ordinary shares that is 10000 shares. At the time of issue of ordinary shares, each carried one voting right. Now, the company is willing to increase its capital base by the issue of shares. It has two options Raising funds from the issue of equity share capital Raising funds from the issue of preference share capital Grant Ltd prefers to raise funds from the issue of equity shares. This shall dilute the shareholding of Audax family. The Audax family does not want to invest funds in the company any further. However, it still wants to retain its shareholding of 60% in Grant Ltd. Therefore, the company is considering adopting the following strategy to raise additional funds: 5000 new preference shares shall be issued on the same terms as the old preference shares. 20000 new equity shares shall be issued to new investors at an issue price of $5 per share. After the issuance of new equity shares, the equity shares shall be divided into two groups. These groups shall be named as Group A equity shares and Group B equity shares. Group A equity shares shall consist of shares Audax family and shall carry two votes per share on a poll. Group B shares shall consist of new equity shares having one vote per share. The main issue mentioned in the above case study is that whether Grant Ltd can go ahead with the above mentioned issuance of preference and ordinary shares or not. Further, whether Audax family can be granted two votes when a poll is demanded is also an issue of the case study. In the paragraphs mentioned below the these issues shall be dealt with in the light of the provisions of Corporations Act 2001. Law/Principle As per Section 9 of Corporation Act, 2001, a redeemable preference shares means shares that have preference over other class of shares in the payment of dividend of the company or in the distribution of the assets of the company at the time of winding up (icnl.org, 2017). These shares may or may not carry voting rights. However, preference shares that are issued by a listed company must carry voting rights relating to certain matters (Freckelton and Selby 2013). Corporations Act, 2001 defines ordinary shares as shares that do not carry any preferential rights. Ordinary shares are entitled to vote and participate in the dividends or in the distribution of assets of the company (icnl.org, 2017). The Corporation Act further provides that without prejudice to any special rights previously conferred on the holders of any existing shares or class of shares and subject to the provisions of this Act, the Listing Rules and the Constitution, the directors can, at any time issue such number of shares that they consider appropriate (Coffee Jr, Sale and Henderson 2015). Further, the shares that the directors plan to issue can belong to any class of shares (icnl.org, 2017). These shares can be ordinary shares, preferred shares, deferred shares or shares having other special rights and restrictions with regard to return on capital, dividend otherwise or otherwise as the directors determine on their discretion (icnl.org, 2017). The Corporation Act further elaborates on the rights attached on any class of shares. As per the provisions of this Act, share capital of the company can be divided into different classes of shares subject to certain conditions (icnl.org, 2017). According to the relevant provisions of the Act, the rights of any class of shares can be varied if three quarters of the shareholders of that class of shares give their consent in writing or if it authorized by a special resolution passed in a separate meeting of the class of shareholders whose rights are being considered to be varied. Application of Law The provisions of Corporation Act, 2001 have been mentioned above. On applying the above mentioned provisions of Corporation Act 2001 in case of Grant Ltd the following inferences can be drawn: The Corporation Act, 2001 contains provisions relating to the issuance of preference shares by the company. The provisions of the Act provides that the directors of the company may at any time issue such number of shares as they deem fit (icnl.org, 2017). Therefore, applying this provision in case of Grant Ltd, this company can issue 5000 fresh preference shares on the same terms as the old preference shares. The Corporation Act has given the authority to the directors of the company to issue any number of shares at any time and belonging to any class (icnl.org, 2017). Hence, applying this provision, Grant Ltd can issue $20000 new equity shares. The Act has also laid down provisions relating to division of class of shares. As per the relevant provisions of the Act, the rights of any class of shareholders can varied if it is approved by three quarters of the shareholders whose rights the company is considering to alter or by passing a special resolution in separate meeting of the class of shareholders whose rights shall be varied (Tricker and Tricker 2015). Further, the Act also provides that a class of ordinary shareholders may have more than one vote when a poll is demanded (icnl.org, 2017). On applying these provisions of Corporation Act, 2001, Grant Ltd can issue 10000 ordinary shares and provide two votes on in case of a to Audax family if the same is approved by three fourths of the ordinary shareholders of Grant Ltd. In other words, a separate meeting of the ordinary shareholders should be held and at least 18750 ordinary shareholders out of 25000 shareholders grant their approval on providing Audax family two votes wh en a poll is demanded. Only if this condition is satisfied, Grant Ltd can go ahead and provide this liberty to Audax family. Therefore, Grant Ltd needs to hold a meeting of the ordinary shareholders in order to seek approval for granting two votes per share to Audax family when a poll is demanded. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discussion that all companies are required to follow the provisions laid down in Corporation Act 2001 and the document governing the company. However, if there is a contradiction between the document governing the company and the Act, the Act shall prevail. Further, in case the document governing the organization is silent relating to any matter, the company shall follow the provisions of Corporation Act. Grant Ltd needs to follow the provisions mentioned in the Corporation Act for raising funds through the issue of additional preference shares or ordinary shares. Grant Ltd also needs to follow the provisions contained in the Act in order to grant additional voting rights to Audax family. The Act authorizes the directors of any company issue any class of shares at any time as the directors deem fit. Hence, the directors of Grant Ltd can issue the required number of preference and ordinary shares at any point of time, as they consider appropriate. Th e Act also provides that when the rights of any class of shares are varied, a meeting of that class of shares shall be held and the proposal relating to the variation of the rights of shares should be approved by three quarter of the shareholders. The Act also permits to grant more than vote to any class of ordinary shareholders when a poll is demanded. However, such voting rights can be granted only if the requisite number of shareholders as provided by the Act pass the proposal granting such rights. Therefore, Grant Ltd needs to hold a meeting of the ordinary shareholders before granting any additional voting rights to Audax family in order to seek approval from the ordinary shareholders. In case, the requisite number of shareholders does not approve the proposal in the meeting, then the proposal shall fail and Audax family shall not be granted any additional voting rights. Bibliography Coffee Jr, J.C., Sale, H. and Henderson, M.T., 2015. Securities regulation: Cases and materials. Ferran, E. and Ho, L.C., 2014.Principles of corporate finance law. Oxford University Press. Freckelton, I.R. and Selby, H., 2013.Expert evidence: Law, practice, procedure and advocacy. Lawbook Company. Gitman, L.J., Juchau, R. and Flanagan, J., 2015.Principles of managerial finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Gullifer, L. and Payne, J., 2015.Corporate finance law: principles and policy. Bloomsbury Publishing. Hanrahan, P.F., Ramsay, I. and Stapledon, G.P., 2013. Commercial applications of company law. Hanrahan, P.F., Ramsay, I. and Stapledon, G.P., 2013. Commercial applications of company law. Harris, J., Hargovan, A. and Adams, M.A., 2013.Australian corporate law(Vol. 2). LexisNexis Butterworths. Hilb, M., 2012.New corporate governance: Successful board management tools. Springer Science Business Media. icnl.org, i. (2017). [online] Available at: research/library/files/Australia/Corps2001Vol4WD02.pdf [Accessed 30 Jul. 2017]. Monem, R.M., 2013. Determinants of board structure: Evidence from Australia.Journal of contemporary accounting economics,9(1), pp.33-49. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA