Decision Making Within The Organization - 1002 Words

First and foremost, stakeholders are individuals that have an interest or even influence of decision making within the organization. Stakeholders along with elected officials, organizations, and special interest groups are valued based on their contributions and connections. In comparison amongst all organizations, healthcare stakeholders play a key integral part because of regulations. Health care is highly regulated and policy driven and the right personnel in your corner can go a long way. Many healthcare stakeholders are involved in the development of policy and have key capital connections to promote and deny potential health care business altering regulations. They provide the funds which give organizations power to promote and push their policies through legislatures. The funds that they provide can also be utilized to defund conflicting policies. The main goal for stakeholders is profitability, more profit is equivalent to more power. Aligned with profitability stakeholders i nvest in productivity that yields the most profitability. Unfortunately, the influence that stakeholders have on policy making can be directly related to money, they continue to hold great power in the process because all promoted policies need a beneficiary. Financial Standing The last 5 years Kindred has been blasted with many highs and lows due to the revolving healthcare industry. The last 2 years Kindred has reported losses in some quarters due to various reasons. TheShow MoreRelatedBalanced Scorecards And How They Can Be Used For Goal Setting And Decision Making Within An Organization1020 Words   |  5 Pagesthey can be used for goal-setting and decision making within an organization. As an emerging business professional, it is important for you to understand balanced scorecards because â€Å"research has shown a strong a positive link between successfully implementing a social and environmental strategy and corporate value (Epstein 9).† Greater than 50% of Fortune 1,000 have implemented the model in some way. (Hendricks) Balanced scorecards help all units of an organization communicate their goals and succeedRead MoreNursing Leadership931 Words   |  4 Pagesclient centered care. It determines how information systems ado pted are used. The organizational structure highlights the nature of communication within a companys decision-making techniques and habits of the health agency. Functional and service line structures are extremely prominent in health settings as they determine how activities are run within this industry. In functional organizational structure, employees of the health agency operate on defined roles and obligations towards the realizationRead MoreImplementation Of Business Intelligence On Health Care Organization Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesImplementation of Business Intelligence on Health Care Organization Mounika Punreddy MS 611 – Project California University of Management and Sciences â€Æ' Abstract The proposed project would investigate critical issues been faced by the healthcare organizations in implementing the business intelligence solutions within the system. In spite of a number of research studies carried out on implementation framework for business intelligence tools, there is negligible literature available specific to theRead MoreHome Depot Case Study1456 Words   |  6 PagesHome Depot Case Study 1. In what ways can (a) decentralizing and (b) centralizing authority help an organization like Home Depot to improve its performance? The case of Home Depot brings about the opportunity for one to view both the benefits of centralized and decentralized authority and the benefits that it brings to an organization. As noted by the success of the Home Depot, it is vital that mangers in businesses know which form of authority is appropriate during certain stages of theRead MoreStrategic Planning : Mission Statement And Goals901 Words   |  4 PagesProcess The purpose of strategic planning is to help position the organization to achieve a larger competitive fit in its environment in order to accomplish its goals (Plunkett, Allen, Attner, 2013). A strategic plan looks at everything an organization could accomplish and confines it to the things it is essentially good at doing and assists in deciding where to spend time, human capital, and money. There are several steps organizations should follow in the strategic planning process. The strategicRead MoreImportance Of Business Ethics On Previous And Current Literature Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesAn organization’s structure is comprised of three major components – control or hierarchy in an organization, grouping of organization members, and systems for communication and coordination. The organization’s structure and design is important because it creates the foundation of the organization and its operations which has a huge influence on the ethical climate of the organization. An organization can have either a mechanistic and centralized or organic and decentralized structure system. InRead MoreOutline And Outline Of Organizational Development And Strategies1717 Words   |  7 Pagesan interconnected world. Questions to be answered: A. Describe how organizational structure, culture and decision making strategies play a key role in the effective implementation of cyber-security. B. What ethical implications must be considered and addressed by the technology manager in implementing these strategies? A. Describe how organizational structure, culture and decision making strategies play a key role in the effective implementation of cyber-security. Cybersecurity has, in the pastRead MoreOrganizational Change Plan Procedure1406 Words   |  6 Pagestangible elements. A detailed plan includes the necessary steps for an organization to carry forward its change objectives including the handling of transition. The process adopted for change management should include a clear purpose for change as well as a strategy for implementing the desired change. Introduction: The change is managed through developing a detailed analysis of current and prospective situations within an organization. It is necessary to address all relevant aspects of change in orderRead MoreDecision Making Of The Workplace965 Words   |  4 Pagesand day out making decisions. Some of these decisions that we as individuals make can impact numerous of aspects of our life. According to authors Robins and Judge (2009), â€Å"decision making occurs as a reaction to a problem† (Robins Judge 2009, p. 147). It is important to truly understand the importance of the decisions that we make throughout our everyday life. With job rotation and the job characteristic model decision making is in the workplace is truly important. Decision Making in the WorkplaceRead MoreLeaders Are Born Or Made?1036 Words   |  5 PagesOn the other hand, management as it relates to the workplace is a relatively newer concept in that it became more visible in organizations around the time of the Industrial Revolution. It was during this time that large scale industrial plants with their high number of employees were in need of people and processes that would make their complex and disorganized organizations operate smoothly and more efficiently (Kotter, 1990). As a result, management as it is known today became commonplace. The

My Home - 1646 Words

My house is in Shastri Nagar, New Delhi. It is a quite new house. It was built only one year back. It has two storeys. My grandparents and my uncle live on the ground floor. On the ground floor we have a drawing room, two bedrooms, and a kitchen. We live on the first floor. On the first floor we have three bed rooms and a kitchen. It has also a dining room, a study room and a guest room. My sister and study in the study room. The rooms are well-lighted and airy. All the floors have marble tiles. My parents have decorated my house with paintings and pictures. We always keep our house neat and clean. The open terrace is in front of the garden. This makes our house more beautiful. There is also a water-pump in my house. I daily water the†¦show more content†¦When you enter the front door you can see the huge chandelier in the top of the entrance hallway. Also, youll definitely notice the white marbled stairs up to the first floor. In the first floor, there are two bedrooms, one bathroom and a large living room. The living room, which is the room that I really like in my house, has two big sofas and a very nice massage chair. And with an amazingly huge LCD screen in it, it is quite nice for watching movies and having some popcorn at night! My home, for me, is very important. Everyday when I come back from work and close my front door, I have a nice feeling that my day was special. Without a house that you like, you can never go on with your life. Home is the place where we are born and live. It is the sweetest place in the world. When we sense danger elsewhere we find safety in our home. When there is joy, we share it with other members of our home. Everybody loves home. For this reason are English poet has written: Home, home, sweet home, There is no place like home. My home is situated in the middle of the village. There are six members in our family. They are my father, mother, grand-father, grand-mother, my sister and myself. I am the second and the youngest child of my parents. So, being the youngest member, I enjoy love and affection of all. My father is an advocate. My mother is a teacher. She works in the Primary School in our village. My sisterShow MoreRelatedMy Professional Career For A Nursing Home752 Words   |  4 PagesApproximately three months ago, I left an industry I have worked in my entire professional career in an effort to broaden my professional experience. I have worked in the acute care industry, at hospitals, for over 24 years in a nursing or management role. Since I plan to obtain an MBA degree and want a more diverse background to strengthen marketability, I went to work in a nursing home as a director of nursing. Admittedly, experience is not always a pivotal indicator. Varghese, Lindeman, and SantuzziRead MoreDescrip tive Essay : My New Home Country1197 Words   |  5 PagesRemembering my feeling as i stood in front of millions of cheering people with a paralytic gold medal around my neck, the flash of the cameras, blinded my eyes. My feet trembled in my gymnastic shoes. As I looked to my left i saw the silver Paralympic medalist, representing Vietnam. My home country. But I wasn t representing them. I was representing Australia. My new home country. The gymnast reminded me of my sister and her long silky black hair, and the last time it softly brush past my arm as sheRead MoreMy Home808 Words   |  4 Pagesbuzzing of my alarm woke me up from a deep sleep. Just as I was about to hit snooze I remembered why I even had my alarm set. Today we were moving to Helena, Montana. Throwing my tie dye covers onto the beige carpet I leaped out of bed and went straight to my window. Opening up the purple curtains I saw the moving truck was already out front and most of our furniture was already inside. Looking around my room I realized this would be my last morning waking up in this house. It would be my last morningRead MoreMy Home Now Vs. My Dream Home1454 Words   |  6 PagesA huge rock home, with a beautiful view on a hill, and a backyard with a pool are just a few amenities I envision in my dream home. HGTV is my go TV station. This TV station allows me to be creative and enjoy planning out my dream home. The show House Hunters International is probably my favorite. Getting amazing ideas on my â€Å"someday† dream home excites me. Growing up watching HGTV has given me knowledge, confidence, and a whole lot of wonderful ideas that will allow me to design my very own dreamRead MoreMy Experience At My Home894 Words   |  4 PagesThe last couple of weeks we have been going through some renovation at our home. I did not realize all the material, stuff, I had accumulated over the years. Some stuff I forgot I even had, some stuff I have need of, but because I had so much stuff I could not see the good stuff. I’m sure if we all would go home or wherever you store your stuff, you probably could not see the good stuff because of all of the other stuff. I know women in general keeps a lot of stuff, they always say I can use thatRead MoreMy Visit At My Home862 Words   |  4 PagesThà ¹y Nguyen and I first met at my home in Austin, Texas. Thà ¹y came to visit her close friend - my first wife Dao Tran. This was during Thà ¹y’s second U.S. visit; Oct. 27, 2012 to Mar. 4, 2013. At that time, Thà ¹y’s English was minimal and I knew details of her through my wife Dao. Thà ¹y visited frequently and helped Dao – who had terminal cancer. Dao was physically weak, but brutally honest and mentally sharp in a â€Å"matter of fact† way. Once Dao asked me, â€Å"What are you going to do about women after I’mRead MoreMy Dream Home1012 Words   |  4 PagesMy dream house may be a little different from what other people may like but I will tell you that my heaven would be no different than what I experience everyday here. I love the adventures that I am able to experience everyday, there is not one dull moment Of all of my wildest dreams there is not one hobby that I would not be able to manifest. Most of my time is spent outside so I do need an awesome landscape where I can get exercise while having fun. My yard is the second greatest place in myRead MoreMy Home Network639 Words   |  3 PagesMy Home Network Vinay Kumar Reddy Mandadi Wilmington University Home Network Introduction: A network is an interconnection in between two or more systems or computers in an order to communicate each other by sharing the data . Today, networking concept got importance by its features, especially of sharing the information and is widely practicing in an Organization level too. Mainly networking concept is categorized into 3 main categories based upon the performance namely LAN, MANRead MoreNature Is My Home1129 Words   |  5 PagesNature is My Home The world in which we live in has a very unique and special form of resources, people, and land. People with many different backgrounds have to learn how to survive and maintain a social and economic status. People have numerous experiences, morals, and ideas that all contribute to the wellness, safety, and allocation of land and resources. How many families in the United States alone have a poor understanding of the environment they live in and on? The answer is simple: veryRead MoreIt Began At My Home1923 Words   |  8 PagesIt began at an early age. I was a sophomore in college interning in the youth department at my home church, Grace United Methodist, in Hastings, Nebraska. My senior pastor, Jim Miller, was an incredible man of God who really showed me what it looked like to live Jesus out in the flesh. He saw something in me, which at the time I blew off completely. Jim saw my gifting’s, and strengths for ministry. I remember one specific afternoon when I was prep aring for a youth Bible study that he came in and

How Works Electoral College Free Essays

Write an essay that explains how the Electoral College works. How does the Electoral College shape the strategy of candidates? Why is it harder to win presidential elections post 1968? Every four years, on the Tuesday following the first Monday of November, millions of U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on How Works Electoral College or any similar topic only for you Order Now citizens go to local voting booths to elect, among other officials, the next president and vice president of their country. Their votes will be recorded and counted, and winners will be declared. But the results of the popular vote are not guaranteed to stand because the Electoral College has not cast its vote. thinking of the 2000 U. S. presidential election — Gore won the popular vote (more Americans voted for him), but Bush actually won the presidency, because he was awarded the majority of the votes in the Electoral College. The Electoral College consists of the popularly elected representatives (electors) who formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States. Since 1964, there have been 538 electors in each presidential election. 1] Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution specifies how many electors each state is entitled to have and that each state’s legislature decides how its electors are to be chosen. U. S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College. The Electoral College is an example of an indirect election. The election for President and Vice President is not a direct election by United States citizens. Ci tizens vote for electors, representing a state, who are the authorized constitutional participants in a presidential election. The Twelfth Amendment provides for each elector to cast one vote for President and one vote for Vice President. The final electors for each state are voted on by the state’s residents on voting day Today, a candidate must receive 270 of the 538 votes to win the election. In cases where no candidate wins a majority of electoral votes, the decision is thrown to the House of Representatives by virtue of the 12th Amendment. The House then selects the president by majority vote with each state delegation receiving one vote to cast for the three candidates who received the most electoral votes. Electoral College is a block, or weighed, voting system that is designed to give more power to the states with more votes, but allows for small states to swing an election, as happened in 1876. Under this system, each state is assigned a specific number of votes that is proportional to its population, so that each state’s power is representative of its population. So, while winning the popular vote may not ensure a candidate’s victory, a candidate must gain popular support of a particular state to win the votes in that state. The goal of any candidate is to put together the right combination of states that will give him or her 270 electoral votes. In 2000, as the election approached, some observers thought that Bush, interestingly also the son of a former president, could win the popular vote, but that his opponent, Gore, could win the Electoral College vote because Gore was leading in certain big states, such as California, New York and Pennsylvania. In the end, Gore secured the popular vote, but Bush won by securing the majority of votes in the Electoral College. The United States presidential election of 1968 was the 46th quadrennial United States presidential election. It was a wrenching national experience, conducted against a backdrop that included the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and subsequent race riots across the nation, the assassination of presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy, widespread demonstrations against the Vietnam War across American university and college campuses, and violent confrontations between police and anti-war protesters at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. On November 5, 1968, the Republican nominee, former Vice President Richard Nixon won the election over the Democratic nominee, Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Nixon ran on a campaign that promised to restore â€Å"law and order†. Some consider the election of 1968 a realigning election that permanently disrupted the New Deal Coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years. It was also the last election in which two opposing candidates were vice-presidents How to cite How Works Electoral College, Papers

Buyer Seller Relationships Impact of Cross-Culture

Question: In the current international economic environment, entrepreneurs and managers are frequently required to undertake business planning, project and consultancy work in addition to their core responsibilities. Frequently, these projects are focused upon investigating new business opportunities or potential strategic changes in order to create, retain and extend competitive position. Furthermore, they may also be required to undertake consulting assignments. The assessment task is to design and deliver a 4500 5000 words research report, through the application of appropriate research methods to a consultancy project, provided by the module team. Answer: Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction: Cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship for a multinational company named Clarks; the UK has been described to understand the issues in this organisation. Culture has a huge impact in developing the buying behaviour of an individual. However, the international business set up allows them to perform their business outside of the domestic environment (Viio and Grnroos, 2016, p.37). In another country, there are many domestic brand and companies that perform their business following the local culture. Therefore, it is a primary problem for a multinational company to develop their business in a different cultural environment and maintain cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship in a good manner. The research is performed to identify the impact of such relationship that develops the challenges in the cross-cultural environment. In this chapter, background of Clarks has been analysed and as per the research aim the objectives has been established to meet up the goal of the research. Finally, significance and the structure of the study are made to develop a framework of the research work for successful accomplishment. In this research the main issue is the habit and the choice of the customers of other country which is different from the habit and choice of the customer of the home country of Clarks. It hampers the international business of Clarks because of their business environment that is not favourable enough for the foreign customers and affects the buyer seller relationship due to cultural differentiation that reduces the business of the Clarks. Cultural belief has a huge impact on the purchasing habit of the customers that influence them to grab the product or refuse it due to uncomfortable service. Buyer seller relationship develops based on the proper communication and behaviour that are performed during the promotion as well as transactional process. Therefore, cultural mismatch leads them to maintain distance that has a negative impact on the international business activity of Clarks. This issue can be resolved by the adaptation of the local cultural factors such as language and behavi oural style that can make the customers feel familiar with the company to purchase their desirable product. Moreover, local employees can be recruited to deal with the customers by the own cultural values that ensure the bonding between buyer seller relationship that was affected by the cross cultural factors. Research questions: What are the issues of cross-cultural buyer seller relationship on Clarks? What are the possible layouts to balance cross-cultural buyer seller relationship of Clarks? What is perceived by the cross-cultural buyers regarding the business activity of Clarks? What is the importance of the cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship for the business of Clarks? What is the appropriate recommendation for enhancing the relationship between buyers and sellers? Research objectives: To identify the impact of cross-cultural buying behaviour in Clarks To understand the possible layouts to balance cross-cultural business of Clarks To recognise the perception of the cross-cultural buyers regarding the product of Clarks To understand the importance of the cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship for the business of Clarks To recommend suitable ways for improving the relationship between buyers and sellers Research rationale: A multinational brand faces the cultural barrier to developing a relationship with the customers as well as difficulties to sell their products in the international market due to the hard competition in that particular host country. In this study, cross-cultural buying behaviour is the main issue that hampers an international business. People belong from the different culture are habituated with their regular brands that suit their culture. Therefore, it is a problem for an international brand to convince the buyers with their products and develop the relationship with them (Hewet and Krasnikov, 2016, p.57). At present most of the companies of UK are looking for the international business set up. Therefore, it is required to understand the possible impact of cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship to regulate the international business set up to viable profitability The research shed light on the possible ways to resolve the cross-cultural buyer-seller issue for the multinational companies. Significance of the research: The research is important to identify the possible problems that hamper the cross-cultural buying behaviour of the international customers (Narayandas and Rangan, 2010, p.63). This identification will allow developing the suitable strategy to resolve the current problems to improve the relationship between cross-cultural buyer and sellers of Clarks. This kind of strategy will provide a huge opportunity to Clark to establish their international business setting as well as deal with their customer to earn success and profit. Structure of the Dissertation: Figure: Structure of the Dissertation (Source: Made by author) Summary: In this chapter, the entire research plan has been done in the structure of the dissertation with the proper aim as well as the objective of the research. Research questions are made to recognise proper direction of the study and identify the required issues to analyse it for further study. The significance of the research establishes the actual requirement of this research. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction: Discussion of buyer-seller relationship from different aspects has been analysed in this chapter. The impact of cross-cultural behaviour and affecting factors of buyer-seller relationship has been evaluated based on previous research works. Theory and model of buyer-seller relationship have been explained. Finally, the gap between the current and previous research work has been identified. A conceptual framework is made to understand the actual strategy of the research. Relationship between buyer and seller: In today's business market the marketers put a great effort to improve their efficiency and effectiveness to satisfy their consumers in all aspects. The Strong understanding between the buyer and the seller can turn a single transaction into long-term beneficial relationships (Healy, 2011, p. 560). The sellers must put their efforts in managing the dynamics of buyer-seller evolution. The buyer-seller relationship includes the following five different stages: pre-relationship stage, exploratory stage, development stage, stable stage and final stage. Ongoing through this stages the buyer may face some uncertainty situations like market uncertainty, transactional uncertainty, need uncertainty (Jordan et al. 2013, p.15). The seller should pay strict attention in resolving this uncertainty of the buyer in order to strengthen the buyer-seller relationship. An organisation can improve their buyer-seller relationship by attaining their customer loyalty. With the increase in attaining the cus tomer loyalty, the seller can achieve more profit. If the customers are loyal for any marketing organisation they will show their interest in purchasing the brand new products of the marketing company (Mar Miras Rodrguez et al. 2015, p.237). Hence a new scope of making a profit by introducing new products in the market arises. Impact of cross-cultural factors on buyer and seller relationship: In order to make a strong buyer-seller relationship, the study, and understanding of the cross-cultural influence in the business market are very necessary. The unconscious reference of the cultural values of an individual may create disturbance in acceptance and understand the cultural values of others. The cultural values and beliefs often create disturbance in interpersonal and mass communication, negotiation. There lays an interdependence relationship between the developing nation of the third world and the well-developed industrial nations. For the industrial and economical survival access to natural resources, markets and capital of each other is very necessary (Segarra-Moliner et al. 2013, p.215). In such cases, influences of the cross-cultural influences are very necessary. Moreover, the industrial development of a nation depends on both exports and imports. Influence on cross-cultural references is found in this field also. Factors affecting the relation between buyer and seller: The relationship between buyer and seller is a very important to develop the viability of the business. There are many factors that have the huge impact on the relationship between buyer and seller. According to Shia and Luo (2012, p.2432), trust is a very major requirement that enhances the base of the relationship. Trust is achieved after a long term service period therefore, the sellers need to hold their patience and try to service with full concentration and effort. Product and the service of a company play a vital role to achieve the trust that is able to fulfill the expectation of the customers (Sudbury Riley et al. 2012, p.312). On the contrary, Jones and Leonard (2014, p.73) mentioned in this context that commitment is required to maintain the relationship. Commitment to providing a quality product and service increase the expectation of the customers, however, if the company fails to keep their commitment it ruins the relationship with the customers (Mueller Loose and Remaud, 2013, p.142). The similarity in culture and adoption power a company can serve the buyers as per their expectation, however, cultural differentiation and low adoption power downturn their motivation to buy the products from the particular company. In this context, Video and Gronroos (2016, p.38) opined that along with the lack of cultural adaptation power, a linguistic problem often hampers the relationship between the buyer and seller. Lack of knowledge in local language affects the fluent interaction between the buyers and seller. They unable to share their thought related to their perception hence it destroy the relationship and increase distance. It is unable to satisfy the buyers that influence them to avoid the company and shift to another one for their personal requirement. Finally, Hewett and Krasnikov, (2016, p.60) stated that lack of cooperation among the buyer-seller regarding product and service ruined the relationship. Feedbacks of customers are very important whereas the company attentively follow those for improvement. Negligence of the remarks is a reason of poor relationship between the buyer and sellers (Walsh and Bartikowski, 2013, p.989). Theories and models of buyer-seller relationship Buyer-seller dyed theory: Different models are theories are relevant that can be discussed in this study. Buyer-seller dyed theory is a very effective one that reflects the fruitfulness of the interaction between buyer and seller regarding their perception as well as expectation. According to this theory, the seller exhibits their products to the buyers and influences them to buy it. The seller can perform their personal business or deal with the product or service of any other company (Chowdhury, 2012, p.52). Push and pull strategy are consciously used by them to develop the interaction with the buyers. It is a strategy to influence buyer with positive communication that can attract them to the product or service of a company. Sales persons play a vital role in this sector to perform the interaction session to understand the requirement of the customers and make their existing product relevant with their expectation. Connection development between the customers' expected service or product and the company's product or service grow the relationship status (Kabadayi et al. 2011, p.31). This process accomplished in three steps. In the first, step the seller identifies the need of the buyer. Next information sharing takes place regarding buyer and seller and finally the transaction takes place between customer and seller (Kim and Johnson, 2013, p.79). Andersons Model: In this model, cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship has been designed by Anderson. According to this model, there are three effective international dimensions that are the key factors to building up a cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship. These are 1) initiation of the business relationship in an international setting, 2) maintenance of relationship according to the international culture and 3) maintain the viability of the interaction between the business network and the external and internal relationship of stakeholders (Voldnes et al. 2012, p.1081). This model reflects multiple dimensions that help to continue an effective relationship between customers and sellers. An integrated model of buyer-seller relationships: On the other, hand an integrated model of buyer-seller relationships depicts the five effective stages such as partner selection in which the group of buyers is selected by the sellers depending on their type of product or service (Voldnes, 2015, p.56). In the next stage, the buyer expresses the facilities of the product or the service through the different medium of advertisement. This kind of advertisement helps the customers to know about the product or service offered by the particular company (Benton and Maloni, 2015, p.1). Further, the customer's contact with the buyers to get more information regarding the advertised product and this communication develop the relationship between them. It influences the buyer to decide their requirement knowing about to the quality of the service or product (Gauvain et al. 2013, p.1148). Finally, the good quality increase the customer loyalty towards the company and relationship is maintained in a successful manner (Hsiao et al. 2012, p.760). Here fulfillment of commitment of the company plays an important role to retain the customer. These four steps are very essential to develop a good relationship between customer and seller. Gap in literature: In the previous research works, customer and seller relationship has been elaborately described and analyzed that entirely reflects the affecting factors in the business. However, the current research is based on the cross-cultural relationship between buyer and seller, where a multinational company performs business in a completely different culture as well as with different cultural customers. There is no such description has been made that reflects the impact of such kind of relationship and impact of the relationship on the business setting. It is a huge gap between the current and previous research work. Background of the company and Conceptual Framework: Clarks is a multinational footwear manufacturer company of UK that maintains a number of retail stores in all over the world such as US, China, India, Australia and other countries (Clarks.com. 2016). In the year 1825, the company has started its journey and expands its branches in all over the UK. Finally, they developed international set up and started to develop showrooms in different countries. Figure 2.1: Logo of the Company (Source: Clarks.com. 2016) They manufacture shoes and other accessories as per the Western culture as well as the country where they establish their manufacturing unit and showrooms. As per the final year report of Clarks, the annual revenue is 1,492m. Clarks is an English shoe manufacturing company that has their manufacturing farm in different countries to perform sustainable supply as per the demand of the customers. The resources are collected by the company from the domestic market that influences them to provide quality product within a reasonable price to the customers under their brand name. However, the suppliers of the organisation in the host country sometimes are unable to perform effective activity to serve Clarks that has impact on the production of the shoes of Clarks. According to Waichhofer et al. (2015, p.315), supply chain plays an important role to maintain the principle of the business attentively for effective outcome. Lack of skill and advancement of the local supply chain results the low production level. Moreover, quality maintenance becomes difficult to the company because of the cultural differentiation. On the contrary Hoppner et al. (2015, p.83) stated that the supplier do not have proper idea regarding the business principle and brand image of a foreign company it makes them disable to maintain the objective of the company. Here cross cultural buyer seller relationship has a huge impact that performs between the supply chains of host country and the business of a foreign company. In this context Henneberg et al. (2015, p.271) stated that Interaction and understanding between the buyer and seller need to be very much strong that can increase trust by a long term balance of commitment. Adoption of the local culture is effective for Clarks to handle the supply chain to motivate them to deal with the business setting. Indirectly it will affect the customers of the host country of Clarks that results the consumer satisfaction on the products and the behavioural pattern of the company. This satisfaction influences the relationship between the cross cultured buyer and seller that increase the growth of the international business setup of a company. Figure 2.2: Conceptual Framework (Source: Created by Author) In this chapter, different factors and impact of buyer-seller relationship have been described and evaluation of different factors has been stated. From the description of various theories and models of the buyer-seller relationship, the proper pathway of maintenance of the relationship has been identified. Gap analysis between the current and previous research work has been done and finally a conceptual framework has been provided in this chapter to understand the impact of the relationship between cross cultured buyers and seller. Research Methodology Introduction: Research methodology provides a brief description of the research onion, philosophy, approach and design of the research. Then the data collection and sampling method are discussed. At the end, the plan and tools used in the analysis of data and the ethical parameter of the analysis are discussed. Research onion: In a development of a research strategy, the idea of the different stages which might be covered can be illustrated with the help of research onion. Each layer of the research onion denotes a clear idea about the stages of research strategy. A researcher gets an authentic conclusion on the research strategy with the help of the research onion. A diagrammatical representation of the research onion is provided in Figure 3.1: Figure 3.1: Research Onion (Source: Saunders et al. 2009, p.52) The outermost layer of the research onion is the research philosophy while the innermost layer represents the data collection method. The data collection method lies as the innermost layer because with the help of the collected data evaluation of the research aims are made and the research work ends up at this stage. Research philosophy: Research philosophy represents the way in which the data on the research work will be collected, analyzed and applied. Research philosophy can be classified into four categories which are Pragmatism, Positivism, Realism and Interpretivism (Bergh and Ketchen, 2014, p.65). Here positivism approach of philosophy has been followed by the researcher. Positivism philosophy depends on the quantifiable observations which result in the accumulation of detailed and accurate knowledge of the research work. The researchers have applied positivism philosophical approach in understanding the motives and behaviour of the staffs in a very scientific manner. Research approach: The approaches of research work can be categorized as inductive approach and deductive approach. For the current research work, the deductive approach was found to be very effective as here the actual research starts with the theoretical study of a literature review. The researchers have conducted primary research. The outcomes from this primary research have been observed, analysed and explained by them. Modification of the existing theories was done on the basis of the new findings of the current research work (Bryman and Bell, 2012, p.25). The researcher has incorporated relevant details on the effect of cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship in the marketing field with the help of research questions. With the inclusion of secondary research and the quantitative and qualitative approach the researcher achieve an accurate and valid conclusion. Research design: A research design for a work includes the way of the collection of information, the complete idea of tools required for the research, proper application of the tools in the evaluation of the data collected. The different types of research designs are descriptive, exploratory and explanatory. In the current research work among the different research design, the descriptive research design was found to be very effective in acquiring accurate conclusion. The descriptive approach of research helps in the exploration and explanation of the research findings. The descriptive design has helped in sorting out the current performance appraisal issues and the consequent suggestions for overcoming them (Crowther and Lancaster, 2011, p.98). Data collection method: Data collection can be conducted in the following two ways: primary data collection and secondary data collection. For the current research work, the researcher has focussed both on the primary and secondary data collection method. In order to collect primary data, the researcher conducted an online survey of the close-ended questionnaires. Moreover, to gather information in qualitative subjects the researcher set appointment with the management (Brewer et al. 2011, p.254). It is impossible to conduct interview with the managing director of the company because of their valuable designation and lack of time therefore assistant managers are considered as participates for the interview. The venue of the interview is the conference hall of the company of Clarks at the recess hours. In addition to that information was collected from secondary sources such as text books, journals, and websites. Sample size and sampling method: The size and the choice of the sample play an important role in the research work. The size of the sample helps the researcher in compiling the data within time. Samples should be chosen from a diversified field so that the researcher can achieve an unbiased conclusion. The researcher should always keep one thing in his mind that the collected data should be relevant to the topic under experimentation. In a case of the current research work 55 customers and 3 managers from Clarks were randomly selected for the sampling process convenience. Sampling methods are of two types: probability sampling and nonprobability sampling (Farahat and MacIsaac, 2010, p.99). Probability sampling is an unbiased method in which people are randomly selected for the convenience of the survey. This practice facilitates an authentic result for the researcher. In the case of nonprobability method, a set of people are selected and their opinion and views are studied for the research. In the current research w ork probability and nonprobability method was conducted respectively through questionnaire survey from a large sample and interview sessions with a target sample. Data analysis plans and tools: In order to achieve an accurate conclusion within time selection of appropriate tools required for the analysis of collected data is very necessary. In this current research, the analysis of data and information was employed by using MS Excel. The responses of the 55 customers and 5 managers of Clark have been calculated using percentage system. The obtained results were diagrammatically represented via graphs and tables. The chosen data analysis plan and tools used for the analysis purpose were very useful to achieve accurate results. Research ethics: Research ethics should strictly maintain while conducting research work which includes gathering information through questionnaire survey and interview sessions. In this regard, the researcher did not put any force on the respondents during the questionnaire survey and interview session. The respondents were free in determining the answers. In accordance with the confidentiality purpose, the disclosure of the name of the respondents was strictly prohibited. Moreover, the company details were also destroyed after the completion of the research work and were not exposed publicly. Limitations: The major limitations of this research work were the limited time frame and restricted area of study. Moreover, the interviewees also did not show their interest and activeness in fixing interview dates at the initial state of the research which result in delaying of research work. Summary: This section has mentioned different research philosophy used for the analysis of current research works. The selection of these research philosophies depends on the aims and objectives of the research work. The researchers have mentioned the consequent sample size and the sampling process. On addition of that, a proper time plan has been also mentioned here which denotes the consumption of time at different activities of the research work. Chapter 4: Discussion and Evaluation Introduction: In this chapter, primary data collection has been conducted in which the quantitative survey is completed among the 55 customers of the local India market and qualitative interview of 3-floor managers of Clarks in London. In this chapter the findings are accomplished in two sections. In the 4.2 quantitative analysis has been performed and 4.3 qualitative analysis has been performed to collect the data. Quantitative analysis has been performed in the 4 questions and represented the data through pie chart and table format. On the other hand the qualitative data are provided with the statements and 2 questions that are provided to understand the analytical thought. Quantitative data collection: Q 1: Which factors make you most uncomfortable of a multinational company? According to the survey, it can be observed that the customers are highly believed that cultural differentiation is the most uncomfortable factor that does not motivate them to buy any product from a company. The reason might be the lack of similarity in the products in which they are habituated. Among the 55 respondents 45% customers remarks so. On the other hand, 22% customers feel uncomfortable with the uniform, 18% disturbs with the way of taking of the sellers and finally, 15% customers are annoyed with the language problem. According to them the seller of the multinational company is not fluent in their language that influences them to avoid the products. Table 4.1: Uncomfortable factors of a multinational company Options Respondents Percentage of respondents Total respondents Uniform 12 22% 55 Culture 25 45% 55 Interaction 10 18% 55 Language 8 15% 55 Figure 4.1: Uncomfortable factors of a multinational company Q 2: What factors can improve buyer-seller relationship? As per the survey, it can be monitored that the customer thinks that cultural adaptation can improve the relationship between the multinational company and the buyers. 24% customer remarked on the cultural adaptation through which the seller is able to identify the requirement and habit of the buyer. According to 20% customers, open communication can help to improve the relationship. Trust development is stated by 22% customers in which loyalty can improve the relationship. Finally, as per 10% and 9% customers, coordination and social media can improve the relationship respectively. Table 4.2: Factors that help to improve the buyer-seller relationship Options Respondents Percentage of respondents Total respondents Cultural adaptation 13 24% 55 Open Communication 11 20% 55 Building Trust 12 22% 55 Co-ordination 10 18% 55 Social Media 9 16% 55 Figure 4.2: Factors that help to improve the buyer-seller relationship Q 3: How often do you interact with your seller? The interaction between buyer and seller frequently takes place according to 65% customers however, 22% and 13% customers told that they rarely or never interact with the seller. Interaction sort out the issues, however, due to the lack of knowledge in local language and way of talking is unable to improve the buyer-seller relationship. Table 4.3: Frequency of buyer-seller interaction Options Respondents Percentage of respondents Total respondents Frequently 36 65% 55 Rarely 12 22% 55 Never 7 13% 55 Figure 4.3: Frequency of buyer-seller interaction Q 4: How far do you agree with the fact that culture is an affecting factor to develop the relationship with a multinational company? Most of the customers agree with the fact that culture is responsible for the poor relationship between buyer and seller. 42% customers showed strongly agree with this idea. 33% customers have also stated that different cultural practice is effective to ruin the buyer-seller relationship and finally 15%, 7%, and 3% customers replied that culture is unable to hamper the relationship. As per the majority, it can be identified that culture has a huge negative impact on the buyer-seller relationship. Table 4.4 Cultural factors affect the relationship Options Respondents Percentage of respondents Total respondents Strongly agree 23 42% 55 Agree 18 33% 55 Neutral 8 15% 55 Disagree 4 7% 55 Strongly disagree 2 3% 55 Figure 4.4: Cultural factors affect the relationship Qualitative data collection: Q 1: What is your perception regarding the cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship? It can be seen that managers are partially aware of the situation of their cross-cultural relationship. Which might be a problem for them to improve such unfavourable situation in their business? It is in a balancing mode. We follow different strategies to deal with the foreign customers and offering them low cost and quality product we are trying to attract them and develop good relationship Manager: 1 I am partially agreed with manager 1 because I have monitored that the customer's expectation is not entirely fulfilled by our strategy which is an issue that does not give us a chance to grab their total attention Manager: 3 The statement of the managers reflects that their strategies are effective to maintain the cross cultural buyer seller relationship which has a positive impact on the business. Q 2: Do you think specific cultural adaptation and improvement of the strategies can sort out the issue? The managers are agreed with the fact that improvement of their international business strategy can improve the relationship. Moreover, cultural adaptation can help them to attract and retain more customers for their company. The International business strategy needs to be very authentic and as per the expectation of the customers that influence them to come and buy our products. Manager 2 I strongly agree with manager 1. Improvement of the existing strategies and familiarity with their language and culture will prepare a strong base of a cross-cultural business relationship between buyer and seller. Manager 1 Through the statements it reflects that international strategy and adaptation of the international culture are well accepted by the company that influence them to uplift the relation with the company. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation It can be concluded that cultural differentiation of a company is a vital factor to destroy the relationship buyer and seller in Clarks. There are many factors within cultural dissimilarity that become an obstruction to the built up relationship with the customers. The survey and interview also depict that adaptation of culture of the particular country will help to grab the customers and increase the interaction that will be a positive sign to improve the relationship of the buyer-seller relationship in Clarks. In this research only cultural issue has been discussed however there are many other issues such as economic and political which can hamper the buyer-seller relationship. Possible reasons and solution are not described in this research. Clarks should be attentive towards the cultural adaptation of the country and try to understand the habit of uses of the customers. Moreover, they should learn the language and utilize the human resource of that particular country to avail the cultural benefit without any hassle. The recommendations will be beneficial because cultural adaptation and recruitment of the local people will support Clarks to perform their business with the expectation of the foreign country. That will help them to earn profit, customer loyalty and reputation which is very much important to develop the cross cultural relationship. References: Benton, W.C. and Maloni, M., (2015). The influence of power driven buyer/seller relationships on supply chain satisfaction. Journal of Operations Management, 23(1), pp.1-22. Bergh, D. and Ketchen, J. (2014). Research methodology in Strategy and Management, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd Brewer, J., Newman, I. and Benz, C. (2011). Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum, Contemporary Sociology, 28(2), pp.245-298. Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2012). Business Research Methodology. New York: Oxford University Press. Chowdhury, P.P., 2012. Antecedents and Consequences of Trust and Commitment in B2B Relationship: A Review of Literature. focus, 4(2), pp.56-76. Clarks.com. (2016).Clarks.Com. [online] Available at: https://www.clarks.com/ [Accessed 16 Aug. 2016]. Crowther, D. and Lancaster, G. (2011). Research Methods, London: Routledge Farahat, A. and MacIsaac, D. (2010). Sample Selection Bias in Measuring Online Advertising Effectiveness, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2(7), pp.98-125. Gauvain, M., Munroe, R.L. and Beebe, H., (2013). Childrens questions in cross-cultural perspective a four-culture study.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,44(7), pp.1148-1165. Healy, M., (2011). Relationship marketing and the cross-cultural extension. Journal of Marketing, 8(3), pp.560-871. Henneberg, S.C., Gruber, T., Reppel, A., Naud, P., Ashnai, B., Huber, F. and Chowdhury, I.N., (2015). A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Business Complaint Management Expectations.Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,23(3), pp.254-271. Hewett, K. and Krasnikov, A.V., (2016). Investing in BuyerSeller Relationships in Transitional Markets: A Market-Based Assets Perspective. Journal of International Marketing, 24(1), pp.57-81. Hoppner, J.J., Griffith, D.A. and White, R.C., (2015). Reciprocity in Relationship Marketing: A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Effects of Equivalence and Immediacy on Relationship Quality and Satisfaction with Performance.Journal of International Marketing,23(4), pp.64-83. Hsiao, M.J., Purchase, S. and Rahman, S., (2012). The impact of buyer-supplier relationship and purchasing process on the supply chain performance: a conceptual framework. In Paper published at the 18th IMP-conference in Perth, Australia. 23(7), pp.760-812. Jones, K. and Leonard, L.N., (2014). Factors Influencing Buyer's Trust in Consumer-to-Consumer E Commerce. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 54(4), pp.71-79. Jordan, E.J., Norman, W.C. and Vogt, C.A., (2013). A cross-cultural comparison of online travel information search behaviors.Tourism Management Perspectives,6, pp.15-22. Kabadayi, E.T., alan, A.K. and Erdebil, A.E., (2011). The factors affecting the level of trust between buyer-seller: an example from household appliances sector. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 5(1), pp.31-39 Kim, J.E. and Johnson, K.K., (2013). The impact of moral emotions on cause-related marketing campaigns: A cross-cultural examination.Journal of Business Ethics,112(1), pp.79-90. Mar Miras Rodrguez, M., Carrasco Gallego, A. and Escobar Prez, B., (2015). Are Socially Responsible Behaviors Paid Off Equally? A Cross cultural Analysis.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(4), pp.237-256. Mueller Loose, S. and Remaud, H., (2013). Impact of corporate social responsibility claims on consumer food choice: A cross-cultural comparison.British Food Journal,115(1), pp.142-166. Narayandas, D. and Rangan, V.K.,(2010). Building and sustaining buyerseller relationships in mature industrial markets. Journal of Marketing, 68(3), pp.63-77. Saunders, M. N., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Segarra-Moliner, J.R., Moliner-Tena, M.A. and Snchez-Garcia, J., (2013). Relationship quality in business to business: a cross-cultural perspective from universities.Marketing Intelligence Planning,31(3), pp.196-215. Shiau, W.L., and Luo, M.M., (2012). Factors affecting online group buying intention and satisfaction: A social exchange theory perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), pp.2431-2444. Sudbury Riley, L., Kohlbacher, F. and Hofmeister, A., (2012). A cross-cultural analysis of pro-environmental consumer behaviour among seniors.Journal of Marketing Management,28(3-4), pp.290-312. Viio, P. and Grnroos, C., (2016). How buyerseller relationship orientation affects adaptation of sales processes to the buying process. Industrial Marketing Management, 52, pp.37-46 Voldnes, G., Grnhaug, K. and Nilssen, F., 2012. Satisfaction in buyerseller relationshipsInfluence of cultural differences. Industrial Marketing Management, 41(7), pp.1081-1093. Waichhofer, T., Mhlbacher, H. and Bergadaa, M., (2015). The Development of Mutual Trust in Cross-Cultural Business Negotiations. InProceedings of the 1998 Multicultural Marketing ConferenceSpringer International Publishing. Walsh, G. and Bartikowski, B., (2013). Exploring corporate ability and social responsibility associations as antecedents of customer satisfaction cross-culturally.Journal of Business Research,66(8), pp.989-995. Williams, J.D., Han, S.L. and Qualls, W.J.,(2014). A conceptual model and study of cross-cultural business relationships. Journal of Business Research, 42(2), pp.135-143.

The Free Radio Essay Example

The Free Radio Paper For my Individual Oral Presentation I have chosen the short story The Free Radio in the book East West by Salman Rushdie. The various stories in East West are largely similar in their extravagant and far fetched plots however The Free Radio reflects a true occurrence in Indian History. A symbol is something such as an object, picture, written word, sound, or particular mark that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention. For example, a red octagon may stand for STOP. In The Free Radio, the importance and focus on the free radio from the protagonist and narrator results in readers being able to observe the various symbols which the free radio adopts and thus allows readers to see beyond its literal meaning to its intended symbolism for better understanding of the text and the messages in which it holds. Young, handsome Ramani- the protagonist of the story was unfortunate enough to fall in love with the Thiefs Widow The introduction of the decision Ramani made to Rob himself of his manhood comes hand in hand with the introduction of the Free Radio. We will write a custom essay sample on The Free Radio specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Free Radio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Free Radio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Firstly, To Ramani the Radio directly represents a symbol of achievement and loss. It represents a memorandum to the pain he has suffered, the manhood he has lost however it more importantly signifies the widows hand in marriage which he has gained. One can also see that the free radio symbolises is important as an object of escapism for Ramani in order to forget the pain and anguish of the nasbandi as he counts on the radio to compensate him for the operation. As the narrator aptly mentions Ram had poured into the idea of the free radio all his worries and regrets about what he had done f the dream were to die he would be forced to face the full gravity of his crime against his own body. The radio provides Ramani an outlet to believe in, we see this in his actions of mimicking radio broadcasts with his hand cupped to his ear etc. The free radio can also be noted as a symbol of the constriction, restriction of sex. , as mentioned earlier the free radio is only an issue with the attraction Ramani had to the Thiefs widow Soon after the dream radio was first mentioned , Ramani and the Thiefs widow were married , and then I understood everything. The narrator understood that the Thiefs widow required Ramani to undergo this operation for her hand in marriage. As we all know reproduction is a divine thing, imperative to the continuation of the human race, the old widow is seen to corrupt this as the narrator suggests that she is starving her children for days for a simple rickshaw ride. Her five brats seems too large, vulgar a number of seemingly unloved children taken care of by one widow of vile nature. If one stretches ones imagination perhaps Salman Rushdie is suggesting to be wary of women, depicting the dire consequences that foolish men face , just as Ramani had to face nasbandi because of his limited perspective , only looking at what he had to gain the hand of the thiefs widow where on hindsight he lost not only his manhood but much of his sanity as he deceived himself with the new fantasy of the free radio, and with that , a humiliating act which Ramani put up publicly which simply ended in further misery with the realisation that there was no radio. The free radio is a perfect symbol of delusion and self deception, the ability to think clearly is instrumental to separating humans from lower forms of animals, a failure in our system however is demonstrated in Ramani where he adjusts his thinking so much that he deceives himself for almost a year His young body was being poured into that space between his ear and his hand by a mighty and impossible act of will. Once he receives his radio everything would be made worth while. However one does not dispute Ramanis happiness during that year when his rare quality of total belief in his dreams allowed him to lead a happy life- A happiness which could not be explained by the supposed imminence of the transistor However in the end, this further humiliation contributed to his decision to leave the village. It is also interesting to note that with his departure, he follows his original true dream and ambition of being a bollywood star in the city and how this dream is juxtaposed against the pseudo fantasy of the free radio, however this bollywood star ambition can also be interpreted as comparable to the free radio , a further assault on the inability Ramani has to embrace reality and deal with failure. I remember the huge mad energy which he had poured into the act of conjuring reality. From the delusional effects the free radio has and noting the context at the time we can infer that the free radio has been used as a tool to criticize the Government , as mentioned earlier the white caravan and nasbandi, family planning was genuine and was going around India at the time that Rushdie wrote the story, the encouragement of men to give up their manhood in national interest, granting free radios in appreciation, often times these were empty promises of politicians vying for power. Through the use of this policy and the free radio, Rushdie demonstrates the utter humiliation and suffering these men have to endure after sacrificing their manhood in national interest, Rushdie allows readers to see the incompatibility of the free radio as compensation for an operation so humiliating and daunting as nasbandi. Through Rushdies use of diction and utilisation of an elderly narrator, readers feel disappointed as men like Ramani seemed to have been hoodwinked, deceived into taking part in something they did not want to and had little idea of the consequences of their actions. Another point to suggest a criticism of politics and the government are the semi political armband youths who flatter Ramani initially but eventually show their true self Ram was frogmarched out by his drinking-chums Ram is seen to foolishly trust and believe in these men who filled his head with dreams and in the end, just as he is with the free radio symbolising the government, he is forsaken, betrayed. Salman Rushdie also suggests that now, nobody adheres to advice from the elderly. This is seen in the beginning But who listens to the wisdom of the old today? The choice of utilising Teacher Sahib as the narrator is key to us seeing his perspectives and how if only Ramani listened to teacher Sahib -the elderly, everything would be fine as he slowly gained in stature and wisdom. Even the name of the narrator teacher Sahib suggests that he knows more and is a respectable figure. The free radio acts as a catalyst for his spite for the thiefs widow and we see all his negative feelings towards her and works as a base for readers poor first impression of the thiefs widow, but more importantly the radio, symbolically negative allows readers to see the true care and concern teacher Sahib has for Ramani as only he is against the free radio and its terrible nature. This further encourages readers to trust and believe in teacher Sahib and understand the message being suggested that respecting and listening to the generally wise and experienced elderly is the correct path to safety. Also towards the end of the story Maybe the views of the old can be discounted now, and if thats so , let it be. This martyr like sentence garners pity and sympathy readers have towards teacher Sahib who although tried his best could not save the foolish Ramani who refused to listen and heed warnings from him. This again emphasises the point of respecting the elderly. In conclusion, the free radio may seem simplistic in the story, a mere gift from the Government, but in reality it has been developed extensively . Through diction , sentence structure , and most importantly the use of the free radio as a symbol in moving the plot along , the free radio not only represents the delusional sentiments of Ramani , the wickedness of the widow but these symbols it takes on of escapism , achievement and loss , restriction of sex , delusion , deception all work together to emphasise the authors messages of importance of being realistic , wary of the consequences of ones actions, negligence of the opinions of the aged and most importantly the criticism of the government.

5 Splendid Essay Writing Guides to Upgrade Academic Skills

5 Splendid Essay Writing Guides to Upgrade Academic Skills 5 Splendid Essay Writing Guides to Upgrade Academic Skills When you set out to write an essay, it is important to try and expound upon your skill-set whenever possible. This is best done by using essay writing books for college students. These books are all designed to help students improve their current level of mastery over literary writing and analyses. They each bring different qualities and benefits as well. Below are 5 splendid guides you can use to upgrade your academic skills: Essay Writing for High School Students: A Step-by-Step Guide by Newsweek Education This guide is really designed to help high school students prepare for the writing they will need to complete in school, and in college. It is perfect for students who want step-by-step instructions on the different writing styles, various types of essays and papers, and what they need to do in order to complete them well. Writing Clear Essays (3rd Edition) by R.B. Donald, Betty Richmond Morrow, Lillian Griffith Wargetz, and Kathleen Werner This book is designed to offer clearer guidance for students who want to get to the point with their writing. Students might understand the nuts and bolts of writing but not necessarily how to make a clear argument or write with purpose. That is where this guide comes into play. The College Guide to Essay Writing by Jill Rossiter For students who are heading to college, this particular guide is a great thing to have because it offers information and tips on writing at a college level, something that might be vastly different compared to the requirements faced in school right now. It is something that students can keep by their side while they work, as a reference, to which they can turn when new tasks are assigned. Schaum’s Quick Guide to Writing Great Essays by Molly McClain, Jacqueline Roth, and Molly McClain This great guide is written by some experts in the field of writing and helps students to understand the mechanics of essay writing, and specifically how they can write better. This is a guide full of tips on writing clearly, effectively, and covering any form of an academic essay you might face while in school. The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing by Michael Harvey This particular guide is one which really breaks down each component and layer of college level writing which students might face once they reach their college classes. Such a guide is designed to give students a comprehensive breakdown not only of what components there are to each type of college level paper, but what background work is required or how to craft a great thesis for a paper. In order to improve with regard to your college level essay writing, it is best to use essay writing guides which can help you to learn new styles, new ways to evaluate yourself, and new creative writing tasks. With guides like those listed above, you can learn invaluable skills and apply them to your classes with great results.

The real Zhuge liang which different with Romance of the three Research Proposal

The real Zhuge liang which different with Romance of the three kingdoms - Research Proposal Example different Chinese leaders, both ancient and current, examining how the Chinese cultures are portrayed in the novel, and to find out how these cultures are being still being observed the current. Romance of the three Kingdoms is one of the highly regarded Chinese classics that are gathered into a semi-fictional mythical work of arts which highlights what took place during the era of Luo Guanzhong (Guanzhong, pg3). Despite the fact that the incidences portrayed in this novel took place 1700 years ago, this duration of history can be described as the golden age of chivalry and since then, characters such as Guan Yu, Zhuge Liang and Cao Cao have become Chinese household names. This novel gives the story that is partly legend, partly historical and partially mythical. It chronicles the historic lives of feudal lords and their royals who labored to either restore the dying Han Dynasty or form another well established kingdom in its place. Even though the novel captures more than 100 characters, the major concern is the remnants of the Han Dynasty that finally formed the three nations Wei, Wu and Shu (Guanzhong, pg8). The novel deals with personal, army battles, conspiracies, plot s and how these states struggled to attain dominance. It also elaborates on how the Chinese view their past in a cyclical manner. Thesis statement: The life of Zhuge Liang has a positive significant to the lives and manner of ruling by the present Chinese leaders. On the other hand, the Chinese cultures during the time of Zhuge Liang were very dominant and their applications are still being practiced today. Drawing ideas mainly from the novel, the relationship aspect of Zhuge Liang legendary in the Romance three kingdoms is highly elaborated. Game play revolves around managing numerical data, each representing a character of a city or an individual (Guanzhong, pg12). For instance, a town would have data showing the amount of food kept within its wall, its susceptibility to disasters like

Common Law of Landlord and Tenant Part I and Part II Essay

Common Law of Landlord and Tenant Part I and Part II - Essay Example The general expressed terms include provisions, such as the tenant will give up possession to the landlord when the lease expires, the landlord is entitled to re-entry in case a tenant does not give rental fee and the tenant has to renovate and ensure the property in good condition. The common law terms apply in case such express terms and statutory restrains are absent. In case an issue arises between the two parties, the court generally looks at the leasing agreement express terms. It is usually up to the common law to fill the gaps about the indirect provisions of a completed lease outside the legislative requirements, which govern the two parties. The Landlord has to include responsibilities within a leasing agreement and the terms are implied the property satisfies the business efficacy test (Liverpool City Council v Irwin 1977) Question 2 David has a license. The Residential Tenancies Act WA (1987) protects anyone who has a residential tenancy agreement and David would have had tenancy if he had not agreed to the written agreement of â€Å"license to occupy† from Gerald. ... The main variation between a tenant and a licensee lies in the fact that a tenant is exclusively entitled to reside in a premise whereas the licensee lacks. For instance, in the present case, David does not have exclusive rights to occupy the premises. Gerald has the right to move David’s business, he does not even have to give notice, and he can even evict him with a short period notice. Tenants have the rights as stipulated by the Residential Tenancies Act and from the Act tenants have greater legal rights than licensees. Question 3 Harold holds a tenancy of the unit. A tenancy is an implied or express (verbal or written) agreement, in which an individual (a property owner) grants to another personal for important consideration (for instance rent) the occupation right, whether absolutely or not or any part of the residential premises, or any residential premises, for the intention of residence. Ivan has granted Harold the right to occupy his property for a valuable considera tion –a license fee of ?100 a month. The Residential Tenancies Act section 6 on landlord duties in condition of premises allow Ivan to enter the unit to maintain the premises before it’s occupied by Harold. Nonetheless, the fact that Ivan’s employees enter the unit at any time to maintain equipment interferes with Harold enjoyment of the premises. The Residential Tenancies Act clearly states that a tenant has a right to undisturbed satisfaction of the property without the landlord’s or another person working for the landlord obstruction. The landlord should not cause any obstruction with the practical privacy or peace of the tenant while the tenant is using the premises. Ivan is supposed to give

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business Essay - 3

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business - Essay Example Indeed, it is the global market leader in various pharmaceutical fields especially in hormonal contraception and crop protection (Bayer, 2010). Bayer is among the few multinational enterprises that have diversified their pharmaceutical production business with other ventures. The company has been under pressure from its investors to follow the example of ICI that divested its pharmaceutical arm Zeneca, in bid to strengthen the company’s drug business and free it from the cyclical nature of Bayer’s other chemical businesses (Rugman, 2005, P.128). The Bayer group is managed through holding of four product-oriented companies - Bayer healthcare, Bayer chemicals, Bayer crop science and three service industries (Bayer Technology Services, Bayer Business Services and Bayer Industry Services), with each company being managed independently in efforts to improve individual primary competencies (Rugman, 2005, P.129). Bayer Group business units are mainly concerned with researching the possible market demands, embarking on marketing campaigns, and taking the required product to the market, with most units concentrating on a single business of the Bayer businesses. Its FSAs includes the drugs in pre-clinical trials, R&D labs, and the patented products (Bayer, 2010). Challenges and legal barriers Bayer pharmaceutical companies face many challenges in the global market especially from generic drugs companies, thus Bayer is among the strong global advocate against generic-drug and will go to any high length to delay the introduction of the lower priced generic drugs to the market. These challenges includes: first, there are global campaigns to push domestic companies to excel internationally, leading to changes in patent legislation that might affect the length of life of the patented products FSA or the benefits that Bayer may accrue as a result of that FSA (Rugman, 2005, P.129). Secondly, the generic brand companies infringe its patent right; for example, in Oc tober 2001, the generic manufacturer Apotex, accepted an order from the Canadian government to supply Cipro, an anthrax fighting drug in violation of Bayer’s rights (Rugman, 2005, P.129). Additionally, â€Å"an Indian court on 9 February 2010 declined Bayer’s latest attempt to introduce new measures to prevent generic competition in India; Bayer was trying to install a new barrier to generic competition by delaying the approval process that generic drugs are subject to following in order to be sold in India; by delaying the registration until after patent expiry would have prevented timely entry of new competitors, and extend the monopoly of the sole patent-holding manufacturer† (MSF, 2010). This scenario has been witnessed in other countries such as Thailand. Bayer’s argument was based on well-recognized international trade convection of TRIPS-Plus patent rules. These are rules â€Å"that are intended to broaden the scope and prolong the period of monop oly while still maintaining the high prices of the patents holders by offering the patent holders exclusive rights to the market without any introduction of generic drugs to the new market until their patent expires† (Melendez-Ortiz & Roffe, 2009, P.164). Lastly, generic-drugs offer unfair competition to the patented drug since they are produced cheaply and are lowly priced thus offering hyper competition in the global mar

Human Nature Theories And Leadership Styles Management Essay

Human Nature Theories And Leadership Styles Management Essay When a manager is sent from his/her home country to manage either a culturally different or a highly diverse workforce, such a manager will most likely face some problems. Some of the problems are culturally contingent. This work looks at problems faced by an American manager when he relocates to Japan as a result of difference in their leadership styles. America managers relocating to Japan are being considered in this piece of work as a result of different reasons. Japan is regarded as one of the leading economies in the industrialized world. It is the second largest economy. Japan is regarded as Americas fourth largest export market and is the second largest foreign investor in America (U.S. Department of Commerce). Trade between America and Japan has had its ups and downs due to conflicts and tighter trade restrictions by Japan. However as a result of research done, The New York Times (1991) proposed that American companies operating in Japan now face fewer trade restrictions. Also, many companies were said to enjoy lucrative returns. American companies such as IBM, Bank of America and others were regarded as successful in Japan. Japanese companies such as Toyota operating in America also send American managers that are their employees to the head office in Japan to get more understanding of the corporate culture, processes, e.t.c. All these and more have necessitated the need to look at leadership styles of both countries and try to find a model that would work for the American manager and Japanese employees he would be leading in order to avoid conflicts, lack of cooperation, tension, lack of productivity that may result from incompatibility of the manager and the employees. The topic will As earlier stated, the problems faced by an American manager who has to relocate to a branch of the company in Japan will be examined and analyzed by looking at the different leadership styles, theories on leadership and role of culture in determining leadership styles. Leadership styles of America and Japan will be identified, analysis of the link between theories with practice will be done, the possible similarities/differences he will face, problems encountered and possible solutions to those problems will be identified before arriving at a conclusion. GENERAL OVERVIEW: Different definitions of leadership have been proposed overtime. According to Hogetts and Luthans (2003), leadership is the process of influencing people to direct their efforts towards achievement of some particular goals or goals. House et al (2004) defined leadership as the ability of a person to influence, motivate and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members. Leadership style Overview The style of the leader is considered to be very important in achieving organizational goals as it can induce performance among subordinates (Barling;  Berson  and  Zacharatos). Different leadership styles have been proposed by various scholars. Two models will be considered in this work: Transformational and Transactional leadership styles proposed by James Macgregor Burns (1978) and, Directive, Supportive, Participative and Achievement-Oriented leadership styles developed by House (1971, 1974) but with focus on Houses model as this makes comparison between American and Japanese leadership styles easier. Transformational This leadership style has overtime demonstrated benefits over the transactional style in achieving organizational goals. (McColl-Kennedy and Andreson, 2002). Transformational leaders are those that lead by stimulating and inspiring their followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes and in the process, develop their own leadership capacity. (Bass and Riggio 2006). Transformational leaders inspire their followers to do more than they originally intended or thought possible. This transformation occurs through individual interactions between leaders and subordinates, especially through the manner in which transformational leaders communicate with subordinates. Transactional Transactional leaders, on the other hand, lead through social exchange. Transactional leaders offer or deny rewards for productivity or lack of it (Burns, 1978). They engage in a process of negotiation, offering subordinates rewards in exchange for the attainment of specific goals and completion of agreed-upon tasks (Bass, 1985). As earlier stated, focus will be on the different leadership styles developed by House (1971, 1974) in his path-goal theory. This was developed to explain how the behaviour of a leader affects the performance and satisfaction of subordinates. The following leadership behaviours/styles were identified: Directive Leadership: telling subordinates what to do, giving specific guidance along the way, scheduling and coordinating things to be done and, asking them to follow rules and procedures. (Yukl, 2002). This should be applied in environments where there is strong acceptance of hierarchies. (Mohr, 2010). This style increases the followers sense of security. Supportive Leadership: this involves giving consideration to the needs of subordinates, being concerned for their welfare and creating a friendly work environment (Yukl, 2002). Should be applied in environments with strong group orientation (Mohr, 2010). Participative: involves consulting with subordinates and taking their opinions and suggestions into account when making decisions (Yukl, 2002, Kreitner et al, 2002). Should be applied in environments with strong equality and individualism (Mohr, 2010). This approach works best when subordinates are experts in their fields and can give advice when needed. Achievement Oriented: involves setting challenging goals in work and self-improvement, seeking high standards and performance improvement. Also showing confidence in abilities of subordinates (Yukl, 2002). Should be used in environments with strong individualism and pragmatism where result-orientation and achievement are the main motivational factors (Mohr, 2010). LEADERSHIP THEORIES: Theories on leadership are philosophical assumptions that help leaders know how to direct their subordinates most effectively. There are various theories supporting the concept of leadership style. They aid explanation and proper understanding of leadership styles. Theories to be considered in this assignment are: McGregors Human nature theory ( Theory X and Y) Ouchis theory (Theory Z) Douglas McGregors Human Nature Theory (Theory X and Y): According to Hodgetts and Luthans (2003), Theory X and Y are two philosophical assumptions which Douglas McGregor labelled to understand the human nature. Theory X assumes that people are basically lazy and, coercion and threats of punishment are often necessary to get them to work. In this case, leadership style has to be controlling and monitoring. Specifically, the theory assumes that: By nature, people do not like to work and so avoid it whenever possible. The individual is evil and will always want to cheat. Workers have little ambition, try to avoid responsibility and want to be directed. The main need of employees is job security. To get people to attain organizational objectives, it is essential to use coercion, control and threats of punishment. The Theory Y is based on the assumption that under the right conditions, people will work hard and also seek increased responsibility and challenge. Specifically, the theory assumes that, Individuals want to respected, allowed to show initiative, and given autonomy and responsibility. Using physical and mental effort at work is as natural to people as resting or playing. External control and threats of punishment are not the only ways of getting people to work towards achieving organizational objectives: if people are committed to a goal, they will exercise self-direction and self control. Commitment to objectives is determined by rewards associated with their achievement. Under proper conditions, the average human being learns not only to accept but also to seek responsibility. The ability to employ a reasonably high degree of imagination, ingenuity and creativity in the solution of organizational problem is widely distributed throughout the population. Under condition of modern industry life, the intellectual potential of the average human begin is only partly tapped. Ouchis Theory Z: The Theory Z approach to management simply suggests that involved workers are the key to increased productivity (Workman, 2008). Ouchis Theory Z recommends how employees should be motivated for increased productivity. (Woodman/Workman, 2008). This approach promotes participation in leadership. Involvement leads to the development of trust relationships and highly cohesive work groups (this tends to compel even greater involvement). Employees will be satisfied in the healthy social environment thus created. Detailed policies and rules to govern and slow employees behaviour at work will not be needed. Employees will be trusted to do the right thing and managers, to look out for employees welfare. The result will be a level of productivity superior to that achieved at similar non-Theory Z firms. ROLE OF CULTURE In looking at leadership styles, it is important to note that culture plays an important role in forming and understanding leadership styles/pattern. Therefore, a deeper understanding of American and Japanese culture is essential in the context of this work. There are cultural differences in America and Japan and, Hofstedes dimensions; Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Feminism (England, 1983) will be considered in understanding these differences and similarities. From his dimensions, the following index was developed: Values Country Individualism Long term orientation Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity America 91 29 40 46 62 Japan 46 80 54 92 95 Table 1: Showing the index of America and Japan using the Hofstedes dimension. Source: Adapted from Mohr, 2010. Comparator (dimension) America Japan Power distance Low High Individualism High Low Masculinity High High Uncertainty avoidance Low High Long term orientation Low High Table 2: Showing the variation between America and Japan using Hofstedes dimension. After looking at Hofstedes dimensions, main points of American and Japanese work culture will be highlighted. The table below points out the highlights of American organizational/work culture. American Work/Organizational Culture American Individualistic, self-reliant and allowed to take decisions on their own Materialistic goals take priority over spiritual values Fast work pace/tempo Opportunistic, take risks and want immediate profit Start meeting with humour, chatting and use first names Blunt, like to negotiate and get oral agreement at the first meeting Quick to hire and fire Status accorded on basis of merit/achievement and wealth. Age, seniority and gender is largely unimportant Ethnocentric and assume they are the best Specialists in their fields Japanese Work/Organizational Culture Japanese Culturally different from everyone else Have great power in conformity with Confucian hierarchy but little involvement in daily affairs of the organization On appropriate occasions, policies/ideas are initiated from the factory floor and passed up the company hierarchy for approval and ratification in what is known as ringi-sho consensus Collectivist and cant take decisions on their own. They have to refer back to their Head Office. As a result, dont make decisions in the first meeting Vague; not direct/blunt. Dont want to lose face or have their feelings hurt Life-long employment with organization Generalists, not specialists Life-long job rotation Table 3: Lewis (2006) After the review of leadership styles and theories, and culture of America and Japan (both generally and within the organization), leadership styles in America and Japan will now be analyzed: LEADERSHIP STYLE IN AMERICA American leaders have a unique leadership motivation style that integrates the features which most closely fit with their cultural characteristics. Their leadership style is participative (Bass, 1990. Mohr, 2010). This leadership style matches/is in line with the high individuality and low power distance found in Hofstedes dimensions. Also, elements of Theory Y (paternalistic) and theory Z (participative) can be found in their leadership style. LEADERSHIP STYLE IN JAPAN The management style in Japan is a mix of participative and directive approach as was found in the research carried out by Spicer and Fukushige (2007). This leadership style matches/is in line with the low individuality, high power distance, and high uncertainty avoidance found in Hofstedes dimensions. Elements of theory Z (participative) can be found in their leadership style. Japanese leaders use a blend of both task-centred and people-centred approaches to lead subordinates (Workman, 2008). However, in the research done by Fukushige and Spicer (2007), it was found that Japanese employees prefer the following leadership styles: Network leadership style Protective Gender Equality RELATIONSHIP (ANALYSIS OF LINK BETWEEN THEORIES PRACTICE) Theories America Japan Theory X _ _ Theory Y Since Americans are committed to goals, they exercise high self-control. No threats of punishment are required to ensure task completion Paternalistic Theory Y where there is a mutual, two-way flow of information and influence between boss and subordinates. Seek and accept responsibilities. _ Theory Z Americans are motivated by a powerful commitment to be part of a greater whole in general, and more specifically to their organization Though individualistic, Americans derive satisfaction while contributing to their companys success. Employees seek out responsibility and strive for opportunities to advance in an organization. Both leaders and subordinates are motivated by a strong sense of commitment to be part of a greater whole (the Japanese organization in which they work). People are -satisfied when they contribute to organizational success through teamwork. In return for the organizations long-term commitment to providing job security (often for life), workers develop strong bonds of loyalty towards their employer. Communication flows between leaders and subordinates Because Theory Z is participative, Japanese organizations show continuous interaction and exchange of information and influence between leader and subordinates, as well as among subordinates. The multidirectional flow of communication n the more project-oriented Japanese organizational culture is different from leader and subordinate behaviour Table 2: Showing factors that make up theories Y and Z in America and Japan. PROBLEMS FACED: The problems that an American manager will face in Japan will basically be on the issues raised based on the theory Y which are absent in Japan. The table above gives a general overview on some issues that could be conflicting between the two cultures. Some other problems likely to be faced include: Culture Shock Conflicts in interest of the manager and the subordinate (Americans seek job satisfaction and individuality while Japanese seek personal goals achievement and collectivism). Frustration on inability to make decisions and having less autonomy. Adaptation to Japanese work/organizational culture. Inability to hire efficient staff and fire non-performing ones. CAUSE and EFFECTS OF THE PROBLEM: The major cause of such problem however is cultural differences amongst this two country as the national cultural has direct impact on citizens and affects their leadership style and every part of their lives. As a result, difference in leadership style will also cause problems. Most important effect will be the impact on performance/productivity. Positive effects will lead to improved performance/productivity and negative effects, vice versa. (McColl-Kennedy and Anderson, 2002). POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS To solve problems associated with difference in leadership style, the American manager has to be trained to understand the Japanese culture, work culture and be aware of differences that exist between the two cultures before being deployed. The following should also be done: The manager should look at researches (particularly current ones) done about leadership/leading in Japan Learn leadership styles Japanese employees are used to; their preferred leadership style and incorporate both to his/her leadership style as House and Dessler (1974) found that only leadership behaviour seen to bring satisfaction or with future potential will be seen as acceptable to employees Ask for feedback on his performance/style from employees to where and when to make changes Incorporate Ouchis theory Z (Integration) designed to make doing business in Japan easier for Americans (England, 1983). Type Z (integration) Long-run employment Job rotation in particular areas Majority decisions Responsibility for group members Develop specialists and generalists Source: Adapted from Mohr, 2010 CONCLUSION: In conclusion, leadership styles and theories have been considered both generally and specifically as it pertains to this piece of work, the role of culture in determining leadership style has been considered, problems faced have been noted and possible solutions have been highlighted. In order to cope with the conflicts/problems, solutions highlighted above should be considered. The manager should also develop trust with his subordinates as he/she might still be ineffective if the subordinates do not accept him/her.

Euthanasia Essay: Assisted Suicide and Dr. Kevorkian -- Euthanasia Phy

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Jack Kevorkian was sentenced fifteen to twenty years in jail for a second degree murder charge.   There is no doubt that Dr. Kevorkian injected lethal drugs into Thomas Youk, killing him within minutes.   But was the murder committed as an act of rage?   No, it was done as an act of kindness.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the past ten years, Dr. Kevorkian has been performing assisted suicides.   In that time, Kevorkian claims to have eased the suffering of 130 patients.   He has also been fighting to legalize euthanasia.   There are some people that support Kevorkian’s views of euthanasia, yet there are still many people that think that what Kevorkian is doing is wrong.   Until the later part of April, when he was convicted of second degree murder, Kevorkian had been found not guilty of assisted suicide charges on four separate accounts.   Is Jack Kevorkian’s actions one of a hero or of a madman?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Currently, the only state that assisted suicide is legal is Oregon.   Euthanasia is illegal everywhere in the United States.   Euthanasia is a better option than assisted suicide.   Euthanasia differs from assisted suicide in that the physician actually injects the lethal drug instead of prescribing it.   Because patients are required to take the lethal drug themselves, there is the chance that they may take the drug the wrong way.   This could cause the patient to survive the lethal dose and do more harm.   There is a twenty-five percent chance that a patient will fail to kill themselves by assisted suicide (Smith 37).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Kevorkian, the most outspoken euthanasia activist in the United States... ...is argument is wrong.    Works Cited Corry, John.   "Who is Jack Kevorkian, Really?"   Reader’s Digest.   April 1999:   87-92. Goldstein, Frederick J.   "Dr. Jack Kevorkian:   Friend or Foe?"   The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.   January 1997:   1-3. Grace, Julie.   "Curtains for Dr. Death."   Time 5 Apr. 1999:   48. Lessenberry, Jack.   "Death Becomes Him."   Vanity Fair July 1994:   102-113. McHugh, Paul R.   "The Kevorkian Epidemic."   The American Scholar.   Vol. 66.   1997:   15-27. Nelan, Bruce W.   "Fasting for the Right to Die."   Time 15 Nov. 1993:   89. Shapiro, Joseph P.   "Dr. Death Has Yet Another Day in Court."   U.S. News and World Report 29 Mar. 1999:   37. Shapiro, Joseph P.   "Dr. Death’s Last Dance."   U.S. News and World Report.   26 Apr. 1999:   44. Smith, Wesley J.   "Death Wars."   National Review 14 Jul. 1997:   36-37.