The Free Radio Essay Example

The Free Radio Paper For my Individual Oral Presentation I have chosen the short story The Free Radio in the book East West by Salman Rushdie. The various stories in East West are largely similar in their extravagant and far fetched plots however The Free Radio reflects a true occurrence in Indian History. A symbol is something such as an object, picture, written word, sound, or particular mark that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention. For example, a red octagon may stand for STOP. In The Free Radio, the importance and focus on the free radio from the protagonist and narrator results in readers being able to observe the various symbols which the free radio adopts and thus allows readers to see beyond its literal meaning to its intended symbolism for better understanding of the text and the messages in which it holds. Young, handsome Ramani- the protagonist of the story was unfortunate enough to fall in love with the Thiefs Widow The introduction of the decision Ramani made to Rob himself of his manhood comes hand in hand with the introduction of the Free Radio. We will write a custom essay sample on The Free Radio specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Free Radio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Free Radio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Firstly, To Ramani the Radio directly represents a symbol of achievement and loss. It represents a memorandum to the pain he has suffered, the manhood he has lost however it more importantly signifies the widows hand in marriage which he has gained. One can also see that the free radio symbolises is important as an object of escapism for Ramani in order to forget the pain and anguish of the nasbandi as he counts on the radio to compensate him for the operation. As the narrator aptly mentions Ram had poured into the idea of the free radio all his worries and regrets about what he had done f the dream were to die he would be forced to face the full gravity of his crime against his own body. The radio provides Ramani an outlet to believe in, we see this in his actions of mimicking radio broadcasts with his hand cupped to his ear etc. The free radio can also be noted as a symbol of the constriction, restriction of sex. , as mentioned earlier the free radio is only an issue with the attraction Ramani had to the Thiefs widow Soon after the dream radio was first mentioned , Ramani and the Thiefs widow were married , and then I understood everything. The narrator understood that the Thiefs widow required Ramani to undergo this operation for her hand in marriage. As we all know reproduction is a divine thing, imperative to the continuation of the human race, the old widow is seen to corrupt this as the narrator suggests that she is starving her children for days for a simple rickshaw ride. Her five brats seems too large, vulgar a number of seemingly unloved children taken care of by one widow of vile nature. If one stretches ones imagination perhaps Salman Rushdie is suggesting to be wary of women, depicting the dire consequences that foolish men face , just as Ramani had to face nasbandi because of his limited perspective , only looking at what he had to gain the hand of the thiefs widow where on hindsight he lost not only his manhood but much of his sanity as he deceived himself with the new fantasy of the free radio, and with that , a humiliating act which Ramani put up publicly which simply ended in further misery with the realisation that there was no radio. The free radio is a perfect symbol of delusion and self deception, the ability to think clearly is instrumental to separating humans from lower forms of animals, a failure in our system however is demonstrated in Ramani where he adjusts his thinking so much that he deceives himself for almost a year His young body was being poured into that space between his ear and his hand by a mighty and impossible act of will. Once he receives his radio everything would be made worth while. However one does not dispute Ramanis happiness during that year when his rare quality of total belief in his dreams allowed him to lead a happy life- A happiness which could not be explained by the supposed imminence of the transistor However in the end, this further humiliation contributed to his decision to leave the village. It is also interesting to note that with his departure, he follows his original true dream and ambition of being a bollywood star in the city and how this dream is juxtaposed against the pseudo fantasy of the free radio, however this bollywood star ambition can also be interpreted as comparable to the free radio , a further assault on the inability Ramani has to embrace reality and deal with failure. I remember the huge mad energy which he had poured into the act of conjuring reality. From the delusional effects the free radio has and noting the context at the time we can infer that the free radio has been used as a tool to criticize the Government , as mentioned earlier the white caravan and nasbandi, family planning was genuine and was going around India at the time that Rushdie wrote the story, the encouragement of men to give up their manhood in national interest, granting free radios in appreciation, often times these were empty promises of politicians vying for power. Through the use of this policy and the free radio, Rushdie demonstrates the utter humiliation and suffering these men have to endure after sacrificing their manhood in national interest, Rushdie allows readers to see the incompatibility of the free radio as compensation for an operation so humiliating and daunting as nasbandi. Through Rushdies use of diction and utilisation of an elderly narrator, readers feel disappointed as men like Ramani seemed to have been hoodwinked, deceived into taking part in something they did not want to and had little idea of the consequences of their actions. Another point to suggest a criticism of politics and the government are the semi political armband youths who flatter Ramani initially but eventually show their true self Ram was frogmarched out by his drinking-chums Ram is seen to foolishly trust and believe in these men who filled his head with dreams and in the end, just as he is with the free radio symbolising the government, he is forsaken, betrayed. Salman Rushdie also suggests that now, nobody adheres to advice from the elderly. This is seen in the beginning But who listens to the wisdom of the old today? The choice of utilising Teacher Sahib as the narrator is key to us seeing his perspectives and how if only Ramani listened to teacher Sahib -the elderly, everything would be fine as he slowly gained in stature and wisdom. Even the name of the narrator teacher Sahib suggests that he knows more and is a respectable figure. The free radio acts as a catalyst for his spite for the thiefs widow and we see all his negative feelings towards her and works as a base for readers poor first impression of the thiefs widow, but more importantly the radio, symbolically negative allows readers to see the true care and concern teacher Sahib has for Ramani as only he is against the free radio and its terrible nature. This further encourages readers to trust and believe in teacher Sahib and understand the message being suggested that respecting and listening to the generally wise and experienced elderly is the correct path to safety. Also towards the end of the story Maybe the views of the old can be discounted now, and if thats so , let it be. This martyr like sentence garners pity and sympathy readers have towards teacher Sahib who although tried his best could not save the foolish Ramani who refused to listen and heed warnings from him. This again emphasises the point of respecting the elderly. In conclusion, the free radio may seem simplistic in the story, a mere gift from the Government, but in reality it has been developed extensively . Through diction , sentence structure , and most importantly the use of the free radio as a symbol in moving the plot along , the free radio not only represents the delusional sentiments of Ramani , the wickedness of the widow but these symbols it takes on of escapism , achievement and loss , restriction of sex , delusion , deception all work together to emphasise the authors messages of importance of being realistic , wary of the consequences of ones actions, negligence of the opinions of the aged and most importantly the criticism of the government.

5 Splendid Essay Writing Guides to Upgrade Academic Skills

5 Splendid Essay Writing Guides to Upgrade Academic Skills 5 Splendid Essay Writing Guides to Upgrade Academic Skills When you set out to write an essay, it is important to try and expound upon your skill-set whenever possible. This is best done by using essay writing books for college students. These books are all designed to help students improve their current level of mastery over literary writing and analyses. They each bring different qualities and benefits as well. Below are 5 splendid guides you can use to upgrade your academic skills: Essay Writing for High School Students: A Step-by-Step Guide by Newsweek Education This guide is really designed to help high school students prepare for the writing they will need to complete in school, and in college. It is perfect for students who want step-by-step instructions on the different writing styles, various types of essays and papers, and what they need to do in order to complete them well. Writing Clear Essays (3rd Edition) by R.B. Donald, Betty Richmond Morrow, Lillian Griffith Wargetz, and Kathleen Werner This book is designed to offer clearer guidance for students who want to get to the point with their writing. Students might understand the nuts and bolts of writing but not necessarily how to make a clear argument or write with purpose. That is where this guide comes into play. The College Guide to Essay Writing by Jill Rossiter For students who are heading to college, this particular guide is a great thing to have because it offers information and tips on writing at a college level, something that might be vastly different compared to the requirements faced in school right now. It is something that students can keep by their side while they work, as a reference, to which they can turn when new tasks are assigned. Schaum’s Quick Guide to Writing Great Essays by Molly McClain, Jacqueline Roth, and Molly McClain This great guide is written by some experts in the field of writing and helps students to understand the mechanics of essay writing, and specifically how they can write better. This is a guide full of tips on writing clearly, effectively, and covering any form of an academic essay you might face while in school. The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing by Michael Harvey This particular guide is one which really breaks down each component and layer of college level writing which students might face once they reach their college classes. Such a guide is designed to give students a comprehensive breakdown not only of what components there are to each type of college level paper, but what background work is required or how to craft a great thesis for a paper. In order to improve with regard to your college level essay writing, it is best to use essay writing guides which can help you to learn new styles, new ways to evaluate yourself, and new creative writing tasks. With guides like those listed above, you can learn invaluable skills and apply them to your classes with great results.

The real Zhuge liang which different with Romance of the three Research Proposal

The real Zhuge liang which different with Romance of the three kingdoms - Research Proposal Example different Chinese leaders, both ancient and current, examining how the Chinese cultures are portrayed in the novel, and to find out how these cultures are being still being observed the current. Romance of the three Kingdoms is one of the highly regarded Chinese classics that are gathered into a semi-fictional mythical work of arts which highlights what took place during the era of Luo Guanzhong (Guanzhong, pg3). Despite the fact that the incidences portrayed in this novel took place 1700 years ago, this duration of history can be described as the golden age of chivalry and since then, characters such as Guan Yu, Zhuge Liang and Cao Cao have become Chinese household names. This novel gives the story that is partly legend, partly historical and partially mythical. It chronicles the historic lives of feudal lords and their royals who labored to either restore the dying Han Dynasty or form another well established kingdom in its place. Even though the novel captures more than 100 characters, the major concern is the remnants of the Han Dynasty that finally formed the three nations Wei, Wu and Shu (Guanzhong, pg8). The novel deals with personal, army battles, conspiracies, plot s and how these states struggled to attain dominance. It also elaborates on how the Chinese view their past in a cyclical manner. Thesis statement: The life of Zhuge Liang has a positive significant to the lives and manner of ruling by the present Chinese leaders. On the other hand, the Chinese cultures during the time of Zhuge Liang were very dominant and their applications are still being practiced today. Drawing ideas mainly from the novel, the relationship aspect of Zhuge Liang legendary in the Romance three kingdoms is highly elaborated. Game play revolves around managing numerical data, each representing a character of a city or an individual (Guanzhong, pg12). For instance, a town would have data showing the amount of food kept within its wall, its susceptibility to disasters like

Common Law of Landlord and Tenant Part I and Part II Essay

Common Law of Landlord and Tenant Part I and Part II - Essay Example The general expressed terms include provisions, such as the tenant will give up possession to the landlord when the lease expires, the landlord is entitled to re-entry in case a tenant does not give rental fee and the tenant has to renovate and ensure the property in good condition. The common law terms apply in case such express terms and statutory restrains are absent. In case an issue arises between the two parties, the court generally looks at the leasing agreement express terms. It is usually up to the common law to fill the gaps about the indirect provisions of a completed lease outside the legislative requirements, which govern the two parties. The Landlord has to include responsibilities within a leasing agreement and the terms are implied the property satisfies the business efficacy test (Liverpool City Council v Irwin 1977) Question 2 David has a license. The Residential Tenancies Act WA (1987) protects anyone who has a residential tenancy agreement and David would have had tenancy if he had not agreed to the written agreement of â€Å"license to occupy† from Gerald. ... The main variation between a tenant and a licensee lies in the fact that a tenant is exclusively entitled to reside in a premise whereas the licensee lacks. For instance, in the present case, David does not have exclusive rights to occupy the premises. Gerald has the right to move David’s business, he does not even have to give notice, and he can even evict him with a short period notice. Tenants have the rights as stipulated by the Residential Tenancies Act and from the Act tenants have greater legal rights than licensees. Question 3 Harold holds a tenancy of the unit. A tenancy is an implied or express (verbal or written) agreement, in which an individual (a property owner) grants to another personal for important consideration (for instance rent) the occupation right, whether absolutely or not or any part of the residential premises, or any residential premises, for the intention of residence. Ivan has granted Harold the right to occupy his property for a valuable considera tion –a license fee of ?100 a month. The Residential Tenancies Act section 6 on landlord duties in condition of premises allow Ivan to enter the unit to maintain the premises before it’s occupied by Harold. Nonetheless, the fact that Ivan’s employees enter the unit at any time to maintain equipment interferes with Harold enjoyment of the premises. The Residential Tenancies Act clearly states that a tenant has a right to undisturbed satisfaction of the property without the landlord’s or another person working for the landlord obstruction. The landlord should not cause any obstruction with the practical privacy or peace of the tenant while the tenant is using the premises. Ivan is supposed to give

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business Essay - 3

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business - Essay Example Indeed, it is the global market leader in various pharmaceutical fields especially in hormonal contraception and crop protection (Bayer, 2010). Bayer is among the few multinational enterprises that have diversified their pharmaceutical production business with other ventures. The company has been under pressure from its investors to follow the example of ICI that divested its pharmaceutical arm Zeneca, in bid to strengthen the company’s drug business and free it from the cyclical nature of Bayer’s other chemical businesses (Rugman, 2005, P.128). The Bayer group is managed through holding of four product-oriented companies - Bayer healthcare, Bayer chemicals, Bayer crop science and three service industries (Bayer Technology Services, Bayer Business Services and Bayer Industry Services), with each company being managed independently in efforts to improve individual primary competencies (Rugman, 2005, P.129). Bayer Group business units are mainly concerned with researching the possible market demands, embarking on marketing campaigns, and taking the required product to the market, with most units concentrating on a single business of the Bayer businesses. Its FSAs includes the drugs in pre-clinical trials, R&D labs, and the patented products (Bayer, 2010). Challenges and legal barriers Bayer pharmaceutical companies face many challenges in the global market especially from generic drugs companies, thus Bayer is among the strong global advocate against generic-drug and will go to any high length to delay the introduction of the lower priced generic drugs to the market. These challenges includes: first, there are global campaigns to push domestic companies to excel internationally, leading to changes in patent legislation that might affect the length of life of the patented products FSA or the benefits that Bayer may accrue as a result of that FSA (Rugman, 2005, P.129). Secondly, the generic brand companies infringe its patent right; for example, in Oc tober 2001, the generic manufacturer Apotex, accepted an order from the Canadian government to supply Cipro, an anthrax fighting drug in violation of Bayer’s rights (Rugman, 2005, P.129). Additionally, â€Å"an Indian court on 9 February 2010 declined Bayer’s latest attempt to introduce new measures to prevent generic competition in India; Bayer was trying to install a new barrier to generic competition by delaying the approval process that generic drugs are subject to following in order to be sold in India; by delaying the registration until after patent expiry would have prevented timely entry of new competitors, and extend the monopoly of the sole patent-holding manufacturer† (MSF, 2010). This scenario has been witnessed in other countries such as Thailand. Bayer’s argument was based on well-recognized international trade convection of TRIPS-Plus patent rules. These are rules â€Å"that are intended to broaden the scope and prolong the period of monop oly while still maintaining the high prices of the patents holders by offering the patent holders exclusive rights to the market without any introduction of generic drugs to the new market until their patent expires† (Melendez-Ortiz & Roffe, 2009, P.164). Lastly, generic-drugs offer unfair competition to the patented drug since they are produced cheaply and are lowly priced thus offering hyper competition in the global mar

Human Nature Theories And Leadership Styles Management Essay

Human Nature Theories And Leadership Styles Management Essay When a manager is sent from his/her home country to manage either a culturally different or a highly diverse workforce, such a manager will most likely face some problems. Some of the problems are culturally contingent. This work looks at problems faced by an American manager when he relocates to Japan as a result of difference in their leadership styles. America managers relocating to Japan are being considered in this piece of work as a result of different reasons. Japan is regarded as one of the leading economies in the industrialized world. It is the second largest economy. Japan is regarded as Americas fourth largest export market and is the second largest foreign investor in America (U.S. Department of Commerce). Trade between America and Japan has had its ups and downs due to conflicts and tighter trade restrictions by Japan. However as a result of research done, The New York Times (1991) proposed that American companies operating in Japan now face fewer trade restrictions. Also, many companies were said to enjoy lucrative returns. American companies such as IBM, Bank of America and others were regarded as successful in Japan. Japanese companies such as Toyota operating in America also send American managers that are their employees to the head office in Japan to get more understanding of the corporate culture, processes, e.t.c. All these and more have necessitated the need to look at leadership styles of both countries and try to find a model that would work for the American manager and Japanese employees he would be leading in order to avoid conflicts, lack of cooperation, tension, lack of productivity that may result from incompatibility of the manager and the employees. The topic will As earlier stated, the problems faced by an American manager who has to relocate to a branch of the company in Japan will be examined and analyzed by looking at the different leadership styles, theories on leadership and role of culture in determining leadership styles. Leadership styles of America and Japan will be identified, analysis of the link between theories with practice will be done, the possible similarities/differences he will face, problems encountered and possible solutions to those problems will be identified before arriving at a conclusion. GENERAL OVERVIEW: Different definitions of leadership have been proposed overtime. According to Hogetts and Luthans (2003), leadership is the process of influencing people to direct their efforts towards achievement of some particular goals or goals. House et al (2004) defined leadership as the ability of a person to influence, motivate and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members. Leadership style Overview The style of the leader is considered to be very important in achieving organizational goals as it can induce performance among subordinates (Barling;  Berson  and  Zacharatos). Different leadership styles have been proposed by various scholars. Two models will be considered in this work: Transformational and Transactional leadership styles proposed by James Macgregor Burns (1978) and, Directive, Supportive, Participative and Achievement-Oriented leadership styles developed by House (1971, 1974) but with focus on Houses model as this makes comparison between American and Japanese leadership styles easier. Transformational This leadership style has overtime demonstrated benefits over the transactional style in achieving organizational goals. (McColl-Kennedy and Andreson, 2002). Transformational leaders are those that lead by stimulating and inspiring their followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes and in the process, develop their own leadership capacity. (Bass and Riggio 2006). Transformational leaders inspire their followers to do more than they originally intended or thought possible. This transformation occurs through individual interactions between leaders and subordinates, especially through the manner in which transformational leaders communicate with subordinates. Transactional Transactional leaders, on the other hand, lead through social exchange. Transactional leaders offer or deny rewards for productivity or lack of it (Burns, 1978). They engage in a process of negotiation, offering subordinates rewards in exchange for the attainment of specific goals and completion of agreed-upon tasks (Bass, 1985). As earlier stated, focus will be on the different leadership styles developed by House (1971, 1974) in his path-goal theory. This was developed to explain how the behaviour of a leader affects the performance and satisfaction of subordinates. The following leadership behaviours/styles were identified: Directive Leadership: telling subordinates what to do, giving specific guidance along the way, scheduling and coordinating things to be done and, asking them to follow rules and procedures. (Yukl, 2002). This should be applied in environments where there is strong acceptance of hierarchies. (Mohr, 2010). This style increases the followers sense of security. Supportive Leadership: this involves giving consideration to the needs of subordinates, being concerned for their welfare and creating a friendly work environment (Yukl, 2002). Should be applied in environments with strong group orientation (Mohr, 2010). Participative: involves consulting with subordinates and taking their opinions and suggestions into account when making decisions (Yukl, 2002, Kreitner et al, 2002). Should be applied in environments with strong equality and individualism (Mohr, 2010). This approach works best when subordinates are experts in their fields and can give advice when needed. Achievement Oriented: involves setting challenging goals in work and self-improvement, seeking high standards and performance improvement. Also showing confidence in abilities of subordinates (Yukl, 2002). Should be used in environments with strong individualism and pragmatism where result-orientation and achievement are the main motivational factors (Mohr, 2010). LEADERSHIP THEORIES: Theories on leadership are philosophical assumptions that help leaders know how to direct their subordinates most effectively. There are various theories supporting the concept of leadership style. They aid explanation and proper understanding of leadership styles. Theories to be considered in this assignment are: McGregors Human nature theory ( Theory X and Y) Ouchis theory (Theory Z) Douglas McGregors Human Nature Theory (Theory X and Y): According to Hodgetts and Luthans (2003), Theory X and Y are two philosophical assumptions which Douglas McGregor labelled to understand the human nature. Theory X assumes that people are basically lazy and, coercion and threats of punishment are often necessary to get them to work. In this case, leadership style has to be controlling and monitoring. Specifically, the theory assumes that: By nature, people do not like to work and so avoid it whenever possible. The individual is evil and will always want to cheat. Workers have little ambition, try to avoid responsibility and want to be directed. The main need of employees is job security. To get people to attain organizational objectives, it is essential to use coercion, control and threats of punishment. The Theory Y is based on the assumption that under the right conditions, people will work hard and also seek increased responsibility and challenge. Specifically, the theory assumes that, Individuals want to respected, allowed to show initiative, and given autonomy and responsibility. Using physical and mental effort at work is as natural to people as resting or playing. External control and threats of punishment are not the only ways of getting people to work towards achieving organizational objectives: if people are committed to a goal, they will exercise self-direction and self control. Commitment to objectives is determined by rewards associated with their achievement. Under proper conditions, the average human being learns not only to accept but also to seek responsibility. The ability to employ a reasonably high degree of imagination, ingenuity and creativity in the solution of organizational problem is widely distributed throughout the population. Under condition of modern industry life, the intellectual potential of the average human begin is only partly tapped. Ouchis Theory Z: The Theory Z approach to management simply suggests that involved workers are the key to increased productivity (Workman, 2008). Ouchis Theory Z recommends how employees should be motivated for increased productivity. (Woodman/Workman, 2008). This approach promotes participation in leadership. Involvement leads to the development of trust relationships and highly cohesive work groups (this tends to compel even greater involvement). Employees will be satisfied in the healthy social environment thus created. Detailed policies and rules to govern and slow employees behaviour at work will not be needed. Employees will be trusted to do the right thing and managers, to look out for employees welfare. The result will be a level of productivity superior to that achieved at similar non-Theory Z firms. ROLE OF CULTURE In looking at leadership styles, it is important to note that culture plays an important role in forming and understanding leadership styles/pattern. Therefore, a deeper understanding of American and Japanese culture is essential in the context of this work. There are cultural differences in America and Japan and, Hofstedes dimensions; Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Feminism (England, 1983) will be considered in understanding these differences and similarities. From his dimensions, the following index was developed: Values Country Individualism Long term orientation Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity America 91 29 40 46 62 Japan 46 80 54 92 95 Table 1: Showing the index of America and Japan using the Hofstedes dimension. Source: Adapted from Mohr, 2010. Comparator (dimension) America Japan Power distance Low High Individualism High Low Masculinity High High Uncertainty avoidance Low High Long term orientation Low High Table 2: Showing the variation between America and Japan using Hofstedes dimension. After looking at Hofstedes dimensions, main points of American and Japanese work culture will be highlighted. The table below points out the highlights of American organizational/work culture. American Work/Organizational Culture American Individualistic, self-reliant and allowed to take decisions on their own Materialistic goals take priority over spiritual values Fast work pace/tempo Opportunistic, take risks and want immediate profit Start meeting with humour, chatting and use first names Blunt, like to negotiate and get oral agreement at the first meeting Quick to hire and fire Status accorded on basis of merit/achievement and wealth. Age, seniority and gender is largely unimportant Ethnocentric and assume they are the best Specialists in their fields Japanese Work/Organizational Culture Japanese Culturally different from everyone else Have great power in conformity with Confucian hierarchy but little involvement in daily affairs of the organization On appropriate occasions, policies/ideas are initiated from the factory floor and passed up the company hierarchy for approval and ratification in what is known as ringi-sho consensus Collectivist and cant take decisions on their own. They have to refer back to their Head Office. As a result, dont make decisions in the first meeting Vague; not direct/blunt. Dont want to lose face or have their feelings hurt Life-long employment with organization Generalists, not specialists Life-long job rotation Table 3: Lewis (2006) After the review of leadership styles and theories, and culture of America and Japan (both generally and within the organization), leadership styles in America and Japan will now be analyzed: LEADERSHIP STYLE IN AMERICA American leaders have a unique leadership motivation style that integrates the features which most closely fit with their cultural characteristics. Their leadership style is participative (Bass, 1990. Mohr, 2010). This leadership style matches/is in line with the high individuality and low power distance found in Hofstedes dimensions. Also, elements of Theory Y (paternalistic) and theory Z (participative) can be found in their leadership style. LEADERSHIP STYLE IN JAPAN The management style in Japan is a mix of participative and directive approach as was found in the research carried out by Spicer and Fukushige (2007). This leadership style matches/is in line with the low individuality, high power distance, and high uncertainty avoidance found in Hofstedes dimensions. Elements of theory Z (participative) can be found in their leadership style. Japanese leaders use a blend of both task-centred and people-centred approaches to lead subordinates (Workman, 2008). However, in the research done by Fukushige and Spicer (2007), it was found that Japanese employees prefer the following leadership styles: Network leadership style Protective Gender Equality RELATIONSHIP (ANALYSIS OF LINK BETWEEN THEORIES PRACTICE) Theories America Japan Theory X _ _ Theory Y Since Americans are committed to goals, they exercise high self-control. No threats of punishment are required to ensure task completion Paternalistic Theory Y where there is a mutual, two-way flow of information and influence between boss and subordinates. Seek and accept responsibilities. _ Theory Z Americans are motivated by a powerful commitment to be part of a greater whole in general, and more specifically to their organization Though individualistic, Americans derive satisfaction while contributing to their companys success. Employees seek out responsibility and strive for opportunities to advance in an organization. Both leaders and subordinates are motivated by a strong sense of commitment to be part of a greater whole (the Japanese organization in which they work). People are -satisfied when they contribute to organizational success through teamwork. In return for the organizations long-term commitment to providing job security (often for life), workers develop strong bonds of loyalty towards their employer. Communication flows between leaders and subordinates Because Theory Z is participative, Japanese organizations show continuous interaction and exchange of information and influence between leader and subordinates, as well as among subordinates. The multidirectional flow of communication n the more project-oriented Japanese organizational culture is different from leader and subordinate behaviour Table 2: Showing factors that make up theories Y and Z in America and Japan. PROBLEMS FACED: The problems that an American manager will face in Japan will basically be on the issues raised based on the theory Y which are absent in Japan. The table above gives a general overview on some issues that could be conflicting between the two cultures. Some other problems likely to be faced include: Culture Shock Conflicts in interest of the manager and the subordinate (Americans seek job satisfaction and individuality while Japanese seek personal goals achievement and collectivism). Frustration on inability to make decisions and having less autonomy. Adaptation to Japanese work/organizational culture. Inability to hire efficient staff and fire non-performing ones. CAUSE and EFFECTS OF THE PROBLEM: The major cause of such problem however is cultural differences amongst this two country as the national cultural has direct impact on citizens and affects their leadership style and every part of their lives. As a result, difference in leadership style will also cause problems. Most important effect will be the impact on performance/productivity. Positive effects will lead to improved performance/productivity and negative effects, vice versa. (McColl-Kennedy and Anderson, 2002). POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS To solve problems associated with difference in leadership style, the American manager has to be trained to understand the Japanese culture, work culture and be aware of differences that exist between the two cultures before being deployed. The following should also be done: The manager should look at researches (particularly current ones) done about leadership/leading in Japan Learn leadership styles Japanese employees are used to; their preferred leadership style and incorporate both to his/her leadership style as House and Dessler (1974) found that only leadership behaviour seen to bring satisfaction or with future potential will be seen as acceptable to employees Ask for feedback on his performance/style from employees to where and when to make changes Incorporate Ouchis theory Z (Integration) designed to make doing business in Japan easier for Americans (England, 1983). Type Z (integration) Long-run employment Job rotation in particular areas Majority decisions Responsibility for group members Develop specialists and generalists Source: Adapted from Mohr, 2010 CONCLUSION: In conclusion, leadership styles and theories have been considered both generally and specifically as it pertains to this piece of work, the role of culture in determining leadership style has been considered, problems faced have been noted and possible solutions have been highlighted. In order to cope with the conflicts/problems, solutions highlighted above should be considered. The manager should also develop trust with his subordinates as he/she might still be ineffective if the subordinates do not accept him/her.

Euthanasia Essay: Assisted Suicide and Dr. Kevorkian -- Euthanasia Phy

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Jack Kevorkian was sentenced fifteen to twenty years in jail for a second degree murder charge.   There is no doubt that Dr. Kevorkian injected lethal drugs into Thomas Youk, killing him within minutes.   But was the murder committed as an act of rage?   No, it was done as an act of kindness.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the past ten years, Dr. Kevorkian has been performing assisted suicides.   In that time, Kevorkian claims to have eased the suffering of 130 patients.   He has also been fighting to legalize euthanasia.   There are some people that support Kevorkian’s views of euthanasia, yet there are still many people that think that what Kevorkian is doing is wrong.   Until the later part of April, when he was convicted of second degree murder, Kevorkian had been found not guilty of assisted suicide charges on four separate accounts.   Is Jack Kevorkian’s actions one of a hero or of a madman?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Currently, the only state that assisted suicide is legal is Oregon.   Euthanasia is illegal everywhere in the United States.   Euthanasia is a better option than assisted suicide.   Euthanasia differs from assisted suicide in that the physician actually injects the lethal drug instead of prescribing it.   Because patients are required to take the lethal drug themselves, there is the chance that they may take the drug the wrong way.   This could cause the patient to survive the lethal dose and do more harm.   There is a twenty-five percent chance that a patient will fail to kill themselves by assisted suicide (Smith 37).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Kevorkian, the most outspoken euthanasia activist in the United States... ...is argument is wrong.    Works Cited Corry, John.   "Who is Jack Kevorkian, Really?"   Reader’s Digest.   April 1999:   87-92. Goldstein, Frederick J.   "Dr. Jack Kevorkian:   Friend or Foe?"   The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.   January 1997:   1-3. Grace, Julie.   "Curtains for Dr. Death."   Time 5 Apr. 1999:   48. Lessenberry, Jack.   "Death Becomes Him."   Vanity Fair July 1994:   102-113. McHugh, Paul R.   "The Kevorkian Epidemic."   The American Scholar.   Vol. 66.   1997:   15-27. Nelan, Bruce W.   "Fasting for the Right to Die."   Time 15 Nov. 1993:   89. Shapiro, Joseph P.   "Dr. Death Has Yet Another Day in Court."   U.S. News and World Report 29 Mar. 1999:   37. Shapiro, Joseph P.   "Dr. Death’s Last Dance."   U.S. News and World Report.   26 Apr. 1999:   44. Smith, Wesley J.   "Death Wars."   National Review 14 Jul. 1997:   36-37.